tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5411884012055802062024-03-17T20:04:18.401-07:00The Precision Universal Debating ProjectTowards Improved Constructive Thinking and Greater Holistic Objectivity and Clarity in a Complex World. This Blog is a Resource of Articles on the Thinking Process from Education, Information Science, Philosophy, Science, Linguistics, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology, Media Studies, Statistics, Behavioural Sciences, and Other Sources. The Development of the Precision Universal Debating Project acts as the Basic Backdrop to the Whole Subject.Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.comBlogger328125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-9855368560555018042024-02-16T05:33:00.000-08:002024-02-16T05:34:56.939-08:00Memo from Winston Churchil to his Staff, 1940<p> </p><p>An important example of the need to simplify information...ideally of all kinds...The piece below comes from the magazine produced by Wetherspoon..</p><p><br /></p><p>RS </p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCQF83jc8E6f5GkMl0NA5PFDRdrVhH-8H8jfBHwHCswztisSyZpFvA9GFCw_49D6ujI8ubGqzx5wRlc4IIWpN6Hq0nSmfEFeBu84u1tLMplMdeE6exJz0ieGhDZNuJhHzl51n23tp7Qqrmjdb0syd6sUpItJgA-oIseEtpqO1Y6dx9A5-Q0Gcj4_R-spc" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2856" data-original-width="2142" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCQF83jc8E6f5GkMl0NA5PFDRdrVhH-8H8jfBHwHCswztisSyZpFvA9GFCw_49D6ujI8ubGqzx5wRlc4IIWpN6Hq0nSmfEFeBu84u1tLMplMdeE6exJz0ieGhDZNuJhHzl51n23tp7Qqrmjdb0syd6sUpItJgA-oIseEtpqO1Y6dx9A5-Q0Gcj4_R-spc=w480-h640" width="480" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-67392061770385651452023-07-27T04:58:00.001-07:002023-07-27T04:58:35.058-07:00Precision Universal Debating Project<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Basic Proposal by Robert Searle </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">(The following intro has been reproduced here onto google blogspot and comes from the p2p Foundation)</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />IMPORTANT Though originally the title of this p2p entry is the Universal Debating Project (at present) it has now been re-named the Precision Universal Debating Project, or simply as a concept referred to as Precision Universal Debate (PUD)..sans the word Project which would indicate that it was somekind of a "movement"/ RS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><b>Tackling the Information Explosion</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Precision Universal Debating Project or PUDP is an extremely ambitious proposal for an ongoing programme in which "all", or most arguments for, or against any topic of human knowledge could be presented in the clearest, and shortest possible form. It would also include an online "encyclopedia"(like Wikipedia) for the pros, and cons of any debate which could be continually updated in Real-Time on the internet. It would naturally be something like the Networking P2P approach, and hence, be an Open Source of structured data emanating from laymen, experts, NGOs, scholarly papers, popular articles, documentaries, web feeds, aggregators, and other sources.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />Ofcourse, articles such as those on Wikipedia do try to present arguments for, and against particular subjects. But how "complete," and how unbiased are they? Moreover, they deal probably with mainly major arguments, and to a lesser extent "minor" arguments. In effect, what is needed is the most objective presentation of "all" possible pros, and cons on most, if not "all" kinds of human knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />Ideally, the Precision Universal Debating Project should be publicly seen as being the most reliable, and the most credible central global source of such structured data of its kind which could be continually checked upon by independent sources of data if necessary. It should also act as the most advanced, and "complete" online encyclopedia of its kind in the world. It would be similiar to debatepedia but far more advanced. Its aim ultimately is to achieve improved constructive reasoning, and greater holistic objectivity.It should also become of great practical value for educators, citizens, governments, NGOs, businesses, et al.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><b>Universal Text Simplification in a World of Increasing Complexity</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />As the world becomes increasingly complex it becomes more, and more vital to....<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />a) ...reduce most, if not "all" introductory information on a topic into clear, and manageable levels of data (ie. Text Simplification but not "oversimplification")...ideally using the least number of words..(similiar to notes, or "good" power point presentations, and as short comprehensive summaries consisting of one, or more paragraph). This ofcourse is the encyclopaedic dimension of PUD.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />b) ...reduce "all" major, and "minor" resulting arguments for, and against a topic in the most lucid manner possible....again ideally using the least number of words...This ofcourse is the pro, and con dimension of the PUDP.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />c) ....a whole series of links to various sources could naturally enough be included at the click of a button. Ofcourse, the relevant sentences in "all" cases could be highlighted.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />Special editors (paid ideally)could do the above work notably in connection with a), and b). This would mean that any pro, and con arguments which are repeated could be "quickly" reduced into the least number of words, and be free of emotive language. These could be emailed to those in a debate to see if the participants opinions are presented accurately. In other words, democratically created Agreed Statements could be produced for introductions to subjects, and ofcourse, relevant pro, and con arguments. The sources for all this would naturally enough be instantly checkable.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Vital Importance of the Pros, and Cons Format</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />The structured data of the PUDP should be like the basic format found in the book called <i>Pros, and Cons, a Debaters Handbook</i> edited by Trevor Sather which went through a number of editions since 1896. Here, two columns are presented, one of which is for pro arguments, and the other for con arguments. This along with a brief lucid presentation of an issue, or topic should ofcourse become ultimately universally "standardized" for the entire world, and act as a truly comprehensive "compliment" to any number of "decentralized" sources of information.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />If the "Global Brain", or the Precision Universal Debate were ever set up, its initial concern would probably be with major issues notably social matters, economics, politics, and climate change/global warming. A site could be set up, and it could even have a motto such as "Fair Thinking, Fair World".<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />Also, it should be added that it is as yet unclear how such a proposal could be funded. It could use the Wikipedia model, or maybe not. It should also be independent of undue influence from governments, and corporations.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><b>Repeated Data and "Instant Experts"</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />There are ofcourse on the internet any number of forums, and discussion groups. These are fine as far as they go. But as said before how complete are their arguments for, and against a certain topic? Naturally enough, such arguments are continually repeated again, and again. This is where the PUDP becomes all-important.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />A vital aspect of all this is that it should be possible for people to become "instant experts." In other words, they should be able to become reasonably "expert" in the shortest space of time in say some aspect of economics, biology, or physics, or whatever. Thus, there is an element here of Anti-Credentialism in which essentially good arguments rely on good "objective" thinking rather than relying on the credibility of experts all the time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />Ofcourse, those who have formal qualifications, and training still play a vital role, but they must be prepared to submit their ideas, and discoveries onto the PUDP. Thus, they could be "fully" scrutinised by other experts, and by the public without relevant credentials. This could all lead in certain instances to "quality" online global "brainstorming", or more precisely "brainwriting" sessions leading to "new" ideas that may have value in society, and the world. Hence, Collective Intelligence at work.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />It should be added here too that technical subjects such as physics, and the processes involved in mathematics could be presented verbally, and clearly. In the latter instance, an individual may have little, or no training. But with "simple" verbal step by step presentations he, or she could reach levels of "mathematical understanding." Admitedly, this already happens but with the pud such information could be made even more lucid as "never before".<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><b>Knee Jerk Reactions, and Policy Scrutiny</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Some people may think that the PUDP is somewhat extreme in the extent it wishes to present crystal clear data. This is arguably true to a point, but we do need something which is truly transparent, credible, and holistic as a reliable guide to understanding, and decisions-making on a scale never seen before. Among other things, it can act as an antidote to fake news, or misinformation which would include ofcourse conspiracy theories. Also, in an ideal world subjects such as politics, and the economy should be presented in the clearest, and succinct manner as is possible. But most people though would probably still resort to knee-jerk reactions, and "knock about politics".<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />As for politicians their policy proposals in an ideal world should always be subjected to proper scrutiny rather than just simply "nodded through" Parliament. Here, the UDP could play an invaluable part in helping to aid making policy quicker, and more effective.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In the future ofcourse, Artificial Intelligence could make important decisions without human cognitive bias, and hence, reach outcomes which could be far more fair, and progressive. This indeed the use of AI is already happening with the revolutionary IBM Debater Project. However, the ideas presented in connection with the PUDP would still have relevance, and importance in an ever changing world.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Please note the above may be expanded with more data, plus further editing where necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">More Information</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><b>Links</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The following list of links may have direct, and indirect relevance to the above p2pfoundation entry. Yet, they are worthy of inclusion here. They also give us an idea of the immensity of the subject of debating, rationality, and thinking......<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_and_Crooked_Thinking" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_and_Crooked_Thinking</a> A book by the parapsychologist Robert Thouless,(pronounced Tooliss) and one in which he gave a "simplistic" presentation of the different forms of argument.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />Artificial Intelligence will play a vital role in the future in connection with decision making...thus, the need for such robotic technology to be carefully programmed... <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44531132" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44531132</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />The Debater Project or AI created by IBM is the first of its kind..<a href="https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/index.php?title=See_link&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" title="See link (page does not exist)">See https://research.ibm.com/interactive/project-debater/live/ link</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />There are naturally enough a number of debating "organizations" on the internet. However, the scale, and indeed, scope of the PDP is far greater, and "infinitely" comprehensive.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.debatepedia.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia%21" target="_blank">http://www.debatepedia.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia%21</a> (like the Precision Universal Debating Project)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br />The following is a link to a PDF on the so-called Back Fire Effect<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.skepticalscience.com/docs/Debunking_Handbook.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.skepticalscience.com/docs/Debunking_Handbook.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://idebate.org/debatabase" target="_blank">http://idebate.org/debatabase</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_brain" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_brain</a> The UDP could play a "central" role in the Global Brain proposal<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_(summary)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Applied_data_mining" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Applied_data_mining</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">A key problem with policy making is that unforeseen consequences can often happen. Hence, the need for good thought through planning to reduce future problems. Such policy making could be aided with the structured data approach of the UDP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://p2pfoundation.net/Anti-Credentialism" target="_blank">http://p2pfoundation.net/Anti-Credentialism</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://p2pfoundation.net/Category:Facilitation" target="_blank">http://p2pfoundation.net/Category:Facilitation</a> This has a list of links of great interest<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House_Rule" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House_Rule</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-democracy" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-democracy</a> (The UDP could play a critical role in this)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/rhetological-fallacies/" target="_blank">http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/rhetological-fallacies/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://theeconomicrealms.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=maria+popova" target="_blank">http://theeconomicrealms.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=maria+popova</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-game_(philosophy)" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-game_(philosophy)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The link below deals with games that have serious educational value, and could in certain situations even affect socio-economic change. Ofcourse, a pro, and con project such as the above could be presented in an attractive, and stimulating manner.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Mind Maps are another way of presenting issues other than the pro, and con approach. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Semantics can have relevance. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_technology" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_technology</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://gelookahead.economist.com/data-lake/" target="_blank">http://gelookahead.economist.com/data-lake/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">There are variety of ways for developing greater creativity. One such approach is lateral Thinking.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/noreena_hertz_how_to_use_experts_and_when_not_to" target="_blank">https://www.ted.com/talks/noreena_hertz_how_to_use_experts_and_when_not_to</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The following deals with Upstream Engagement in which people can have informed dialogue about subjects (notably in connection with "controversial" scientific innovation)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01l06z0" target="_blank">http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01l06z0</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Another area of likely relevance is media bias. If undertaken correctly, the Universal Debating Project should be able to present the most "objective" presentation in the world of various topics notably on emotive issues such as genetically modified food, and global warming.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">A link of links <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_theory" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_theory</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Big Data could play a big role in the all this. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://freespeechdebate.com/en/the-project/" target="_blank">http://freespeechdebate.com/en/the-project/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The following link is concerned with the idea(!) of Ideonomy which would probably be of great relevance to UDP.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://ideonomy.mit.edu/intro.html" target="_blank">http://ideonomy.mit.edu/intro.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic</a> (ie.Smart Drugs)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case-based_reasoning" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case-based_reasoning</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Legal_reasoning" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Legal_reasoning</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542715/Yes-and-No" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542715/Yes-and-No</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor</a> (This could be seen as a complete contradiction to the UDP)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_concepts" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_concepts</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /><a href="http://flynn.debating.net/amazon.htm" target="_blank">http://flynn.debating.net/amazon.htm</a> (an interesting list of book references on debating, etc)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicism" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logicism</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning_system" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning_system</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_reasoner</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda</a> (a classic example of the "misuse" of data)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">An important area of enquiry is how accurate, and authentic statistics are. With the aid of the UDP a set of them could be scrutinized rigorously. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">There is an important radio programme which questions statistics...<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_or_Less_(radio_programme)" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_or_Less_(radio_programme)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Some interesting info can be found on the discussion section of this page/subject entry.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://p2pfoundation.net/Talk:Precision" target="_blank">http://p2pfoundation.net/Talk:Precision</a> Universal_Debating_Project<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">IMPORTANT.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Finally, a blog has been set up. <a href="http://universaldebatingproject.blogspot.co.uk/" target="_blank">http://universaldebatingproject.blogspot.co.uk/</a> Other "relevant" subject matters not included as links in the above may also exist on the blog itself, and maybe included at the P2P Foundation site.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">R.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Special:Categories" target="_blank" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <o:p></o:p></p><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Facilitation" target="_blank" title="Category:Facilitation">Facilitation</a></li></ul>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-23226809661106660482023-07-27T04:45:00.002-07:002023-07-27T04:49:01.255-07:00Terms used in Data Science<p> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Terms+used+in+Data+Science&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1068&sxsrf=AB5stBhn_5bPid6o3IP6v1KlApSuiSWFZg%3A1690457796465&ei=xFbCZMfzG8aF8gLlmYvADA&ved=0ahUKEwjH5dyD5q6AAxXGglwKHeXMAsgQ4dUDCA8&oq=Terms+used+in+Data+Science&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiGlRlcm1zIHVzZWQgaW4gRGF0YSBTY2llbmNlMgUQABiABDIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yCBAAGBYYHhgPMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeSNibAVDICFi-gwFwAngBkAEEmAGdA6AB5SqqAQowLjMzLjIuMC4xuAEMyAEA-AEBqAIUwgIKEAAYRxjWBBiwA8ICChAAGIoFGLADGEPCAhAQLhiKBRjHARjRAxiwAxhDwgIHECMYigUYJ8ICChAAGIAEGBQYhwLCAgcQIxjqAhgnwgIQEAAYigUY6gIYtAIYQ9gBAcICFhAuGIoFGMcBGNEDGOoCGLQCGEPYAQHCAgQQIxgnwgINEAAYigUYsQMYgwEYQ8ICBxAAGIoFGEPCAhEQLhiABBixAxiDARjHARjRA8ICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIOEAAYigUYsQMYgwEYkQLCAgsQABiKBRixAxiRAsICCBAAGIoFGJECwgIFEC4YgATCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIKEC4YigUYsQMYQ8ICChAAGIoFGLEDGEPCAggQABiKBRiGA8ICBxAAGIAEGAriAwQYACBBiAYBkAYKugYGCAEQARgB&sclient=gws-wiz-serp">Terms used in Data Science</a> (google search listings and below...)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="jdsrEf hhv4Fb" jsname="rVKIyd" style="background-color: white; 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color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-33381456123107065782023-07-27T04:39:00.002-07:002023-07-27T04:39:29.970-07:00Information Explosion<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <b>information explosion</b> is the rapid increase in the amount of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Publication">published</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information">information</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data">data</a> and the effects of this abundance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> As the amount of available data grows, the problem of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information management">managing the information</a> becomes more difficult, which can lead to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_overload" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information overload">information overload</a>. The Online Oxford English Dictionary indicates use of the phrase in a March 1964 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i> article.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> first used the phrase in its editorial content in an article by Walter Sullivan on June 7, 1964, in which he described the phrase as "much discussed". (p11.) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> The earliest known use of the phrase was in a speech about television by NBC president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Weaver" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pat Weaver">Pat Weaver</a> at the Institute of Practitioners of Advertising in London on September 27, 1955. The speech was rebroadcast on radio station <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSUI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WSUI">WSUI</a> in Iowa and excerpted in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Iowan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Daily Iowan">Daily Iowan</a></i> newspaper two months later.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many sectors are seeing this rapid increase in the amount of information available such as healthcare, supermarkets, and even governments with birth certificate informations and immunization records.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Another sector that is being affected by this phenomenon is journalism. Such a profession, which in the past was responsible for the dissemination of information, may be suppressed by the overabundance of information today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Techniques to gather knowledge from an overabundance of electronic information (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_fusion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data fusion">data fusion</a> may help in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data mining">data mining</a>) have existed since the 1970s. Another common technique to deal with such amount of information is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Such approaches aim to organize the information, synthesizing, categorizing and systematizing in order to be more usable and easier to search.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Growth_patterns">Growth patterns</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Growth patterns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The world's technological capacity to store information grew from, optimally compressed, 2.6 exabytes in 1986 to 15.7 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 exabytes in 2007. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a> networks was 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993, 1,200 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and 1,900 in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> networks was 0.281 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 0.471 in 1993, 2.2 in 2000, and 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A new metric that is being used in an attempt to characterize the growth in person-specific information, is the disk storage per person (DSP), which is measured in megabytes/person (where <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Megabytes">megabytes</a> is 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">6</sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bytes">bytes</a> and is abbreviated MB). Global DSP (GDSP) is the total rigid disk drive space (in MB) of new units sold in a year divided by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World population">world population</a> in that year. The GDSP metric is a crude measure of how much disk storage could possibly be used to collect person-specific data on the world population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> In 1983, one million fixed drives with an estimated total of 90 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabytes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terabytes">terabytes</a> were sold worldwide; 30MB drives had the largest market segment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> In 1996, 105 million drives, totaling 160,623 terabytes were sold with 1 and 2 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> drives leading the industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> By the year 2000, with 20GB drive leading the industry, rigid drives sold for the year are projected to total 2,829,288 terabytes Rigid disk drive sales to top $34 billion in 1997.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latanya_Sweeney" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latanya Sweeney">Latanya Sweeney</a>, there are three trends in data gathering today:</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Type 1.</b> Expansion of the number of fields being collected, known as the “collect more” trend.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Type 2.</b> Replace an existing aggregate data collection with a person-specific one, known as the “collect specifically” trend.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Type 3.</b> Gather information by starting a new person-specific data collection, known as the “collect it if you can” trend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_terms">Related terms</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Since "information" in electronic media is often used synonymously with "data", the term <i>information explosion</i> is closely related to the concept of <i>data flood</i> (also dubbed <i>data deluge</i>). Sometimes the term <i>information flood</i> is used as well. All of those basically boil down to the ever-increasing amount of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital data">electronic data</a> exchanged per time unit. The awareness about non-manageable amounts of data grew along with the advent of ever more powerful data processing since the mid-1960s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Challenges">Challenges</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Challenges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Even though the abundance of information can be beneficial in several levels, some problems may be of concern such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, legal and ethical guidelines, filtering and data accuracy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Berner,_Eta_S._2005-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Filtering refers to finding useful information in the middle of so much data, which relates to the job of data scientists. A typical example of a necessity of data filtering (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data mining">data mining</a>) is in healthcare since in the next years is due to have EHRs (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Health_Records" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electronic Health Records">Electronic Health Records</a>) of patients available. With so much information available, the doctors will need to be able to identify patterns and select important data for the diagnosis of the patient.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Berner,_Eta_S._2005-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> On the other hand, according to some experts, having so much public data available makes it difficult to provide data that is actually anonymous.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Another point to take into account is the legal and ethical guidelines, which relates to who will be the owner of the data and how frequently he/she is obliged to the release this and for how long.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Berner,_Eta_S._2005-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> With so many sources of data, another problem will be accuracy of such. An untrusted source may be challenged by others, by ordering a new set of data, causing a repetition in the information.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-Berner,_Eta_S._2005-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> According to Edward Huth, another concern is the accessibility and cost of such information.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> The accessibility rate could be improved by either reducing the costs or increasing the utility of the information. The reduction of costs according to the author, could be done by associations, which should assess which information was relevant and gather it in a more organized fashion.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Web_servers">Web servers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Web servers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As of August 2005, there were over 70 million <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Web server">web servers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> As of September 2007 there were over 135 million web servers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Blogs">Blogs</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Blogs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorati" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Technorati">Technorati</a>, the number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blogs">blogs</a> doubles about every 6 months with a total of 35.3 million blogs as of April 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> This is an example of the early stages of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_growth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Logistic growth">logistic growth</a>, where growth is approximately <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exponential growth">exponential</a>, since blogs are a recent innovation. As the number of blogs approaches the number of possible producers (humans), saturation occurs, growth declines, and the number of blogs eventually stabilizes.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big data">Big data</a> – Information assets characterized by high volume, velocity, and variety</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_dimensionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Curse of dimensionality">Curse of dimensionality</a> – Difficulties arising when analyzing data with many aspects ("dimensions")</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_explosion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Combinatorial explosion">Combinatorial explosion</a> – Rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to its combinatorial properties</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data mining">Data mining</a> – Process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information society">Information society</a> – Form of society</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information Age">Information Age</a> – Industrial shift to information technology</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_filtering_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information filtering system">Information filtering system</a> – which removes redundant or unwanted information at a semantic level</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metcalfe's law">Metcalfe's law</a> – Value of a communication network is proportional the square of the number of pairwise connections)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroenhancement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroenhancement">Neuroenhancement</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_half_of_the_chessboard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second half of the chessboard">Second half of the chessboard</a> – Mathematical problem</li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilbert, M. (2015). Global information Explosion:<a class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-AqzPe_gNs&list=PLtjBSCvWCU3rNm46D3R85efM0hrzjuAIg" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-AqzPe_gNs&list=PLtjBSCvWCU3rNm46D3R85efM0hrzjuAIg</a>. Digital Technology and Social Change [Open Online Course at the University of California] freely available at: <a class="external free" href="https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Information.” <a class="external free" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://dictionary.oed.com</a>. accessed January 4, 2008</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/07/u-s-will-remove-reactor-in-arctic.html?_r=0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"U. S. WILL REMOVE REACTOR IN ARCTIC; Compacting Snow Squeezes Device Under Ice Sheet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 June 1964.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.+S.+WILL+REMOVE+REACTOR+IN+ARCTIC%3B+Compacting+Snow+Squeezes+Device+Under+Ice+Sheet&rft.date=1964-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F07%2Fu-s-will-remove-reactor-in-arctic.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+explosion"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWeaver1955" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Weaver, Sylvester (22 Nov 1955). <a class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/iowa-city-daily-iowan-nov-22-1955-p-2/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Impact of TV in the U.S."</a> <i>Daily Iowan</i>. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">18 Aug</span> 2021</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">I believe that in the last few years we have set in motion an information explosion. To each man there is flooding more information than he can presently handle, but he is learning how to handle it and, as he learns, it will do him good.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Iowan&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+TV+in+the+U.S.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1955-11-22&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Sylvester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fiowa-city-daily-iowan-nov-22-1955-p-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+explosion"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Sweeney,_Latanya_2001_5-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweeney, Latanya. "Information explosion." Confidentiality, disclosure, and data access: Theory and practical applications for statistical agencies (2001): 43-74.</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, Jack. What is happening to news: The information explosion and the crisis in journalism. University of Chicago Press, 2010.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major, Claire Howell, and Maggi Savin-Baden. An introduction to qualitative research synthesis: Managing the information explosion in social science research. Routledge, 2010.</span></li><li id="cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_8-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_8-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1200970" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Womartinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html "free access to the study"</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIKPjOuwqHo" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"video animation"</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disk/Trend report 1983,” Computer Week. Mountain View, CA. (46) 11/11/83.</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rigid disk drive sales to top $34 billion in 1997,” Disk/Trend News. Mountain View, CA: Disk/Trend, Inc., 1997.</span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=data+flood%2Cdata+deluge%2Cinformation+flood&year_start=1955&year_end=2010&corpus=0&smoothing=2" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Google Books Ngram viewer</a> for the terms mentioned here</span></li><li id="cite_note-Berner,_Eta_S._2005-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-Berner,_Eta_S._2005_12-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berner, Eta S., and Jacqueline Moss. "Informatics challenges for the impending patient information explosion." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 12.6 (2005): 614-617.</span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huth, Edward J. "The information explosion." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 65.6 (1989): 647.</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRobert_H_Zakon2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Robert H Zakon (15 December 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hobbes' Internet Timeline 10.1"</a>. zakon.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hobbes%27+Internet+Timeline+10.1&rft.pub=zakon.org&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.au=Robert+H+Zakon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakon.org%2Frobert%2Finternet%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+explosion"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"August 2011 Web Server Survey"</a>. netcraft.com. August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+2011+Web+Server+Survey&rft.pub=netcraft.com&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.netcraft.com%2Farchives%2Fweb_server_survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+explosion"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109014955/http://www.sifry.com/alerts/archives/000432.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"State of the Blogosphere, April 2006 Part 1: On Blogosphere Growth"</a>. Sifry's Alerts (sifry.com). April 17, 2006. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.sifry.com/alerts/archives/000432.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 9 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Blogosphere%2C+April+2006+Part+1%3A+On+Blogosphere+Growth&rft.pub=Sifry%27s+Alerts+%28sifry.com%29&rft.date=2006-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sifry.com%2Falerts%2Farchives%2F000432.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+explosion"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_explosion&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=991165" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">How Much Information? 2003</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Surviving the Information Explosion: How People Find Their Electronic Information</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/6713/AIM-2003-006.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Why the Information Explosion Can Be Bad for Data Mining, and How Data Fusion Provides a Way Out</i> <a class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924071254/http://www.siam.org/meetings/sdm02/proceedings/sdm02-08.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-48763597556875941152023-07-21T06:26:00.005-07:002023-07-21T06:26:43.432-07:00Category:Note-taking<p> </p><header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(162, 169, 177) 0px 1px; color: #202122; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: titlebar / titlebar / titlebar / titlebar; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative;"><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border: 0px; color: black; flex-grow: 1; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><br /></h1><div class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" id="p-lang-btn" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex-shrink: 0; float: right; margin-right: -12px; position: relative;"><input aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Subcategories</h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total.</p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-category"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">L</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightweight_markup_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Lightweight markup languages">Lightweight markup languages</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 29 pages, and 0 files">(29 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">N</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Note-taking_software" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Note-taking_software" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Note-taking software">Note-taking software</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 46 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 46 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">S</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Shorthand_systems" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Shorthand_systems" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Shorthand systems">Shorthand systems</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 37 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 37 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="mw-pages" style="clear: both;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="anchor" id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "Note-taking"</h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">This list may not reflect recent changes</a>.</p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns" style="columns: 24em 3;"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> </h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note-taking" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Note-taking">Note-taking</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">C</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonplace_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commonplace book">Commonplace book</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_note-taking_software" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comparison of note-taking software">Comparison of note-taking software</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Concept map">Concept map</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Notes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cornell Notes">Cornell Notes</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">E</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_notetaking" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electronic notetaking">Electronic notetaking</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">M</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind map">Mind map</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">N</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_(style)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Notebook (style)">Notebook (style)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">P</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_wiki" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Personal wiki">Personal wiki</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prompt book">Prompt book</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">S</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchnoting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sketchnoting">Sketchnoting</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ3R" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SQ3R">SQ3R</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">W</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Waste book">Waste book</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">Z</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zettelkasten" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zettelkasten">Zettelkasten</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reading_(process)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Reading (process)">Reading (process)</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Memorization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Memorization">Memorization</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Learning_methods" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Learning methods">Learning methods</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-ns-shown" id="mw-hidden-catlinks">Hidden category: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-72306917596264769952023-07-21T06:24:00.003-07:002023-07-21T06:24:39.975-07:00 AI Antitrust Issues Checklist<p> An example of a checklist which arguably could be more simplified and quicker to read in a clear comphrehensible manner. It is in connection with AI. RS</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><img alt="Vinson & Elkins LLP" class="html-img-header" src="https://www.jdsupra.com/img/client_headers/VinsonElkins/VinsonElkinsMainHeader.jpg" style="border-style: none; display: block; max-width: 100%;" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">This checklist outlines antitrust considerations for the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) technology. Practices involving AI that could give rise to antitrust risk include algorithmic collusion, exclusionary practices involving AI services, agreements to limit AI development or deployment, self-preferencing on existing services, and mergers and acquisitions involving companies offering AI services.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.3em !important; margin-bottom: 0.5em !important; margin-top: 1.3em !important;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">AI Background</span></h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">AI represents one of the most significant forces in technological development for the foreseeable future. Although definitions can differ wildly, AI is generally used as a catch-all term that refers to the application of certain techniques including generative models, machine learning, neural-networks, and complex algorithms to perform a specific task or a generalized set of tasks. Historically, AI tools have been used in specific contexts such as search engines, social media, and autonomous machines, but recent advances in machine learning and natural language processing have led to AI development for broader use cases. Companies like OpenAI made headlines upon releasing AI tools that allow users to engage with a conversational chatbot that uses generative systems to produce natural language content (e.g., ChatGPT). Large technology companies such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Meta, as well as major players across industries and hundreds of new startups, are incorporating AI technology into many aspects of their products and services.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Due to its potential significance to technology markets and consumers, antitrust and competition regulators around the globe are scrutinizing current AI practices to determine the appropriate level of intervention. Regulators that have publicly raised competition concerns about AI include the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the European Commission, the U.K. Competition and Markets Authority (“CMA”), the Korean Fair Trade Commission, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. For example, the U.S. FTC held a panel discussion regarding competition in the market for cloud computing services and its effects on AI and most recently articulated its competition concerns for generative AI in a blog post. Similarly, the U.K. CMA launched an initial review of the effects of AI models on competition and consumer protection.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">As regulators around the world increase their focus on AI, businesses should consider the antitrust and competition risks associated with AI activities. At the same time, however, competition regulators may find it challenging to bring successful cases related to their expressed concerns about AI, given the nascent and highly dynamic nature of generative AI development today.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.3em !important; margin-bottom: 0.5em !important; margin-top: 1.3em !important;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">Specific AI issues for consideration</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #292929; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 5px;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">Ensure that algorithms do not facilitate unlawful collusion.</span> Capitalizing on developments in AI data processing, companies increasingly use algorithms to analyze large data sets. Global competition regulators have expressed concern about the degree to which AI algorithms may “collude” or facilitate unlawful agreements, either by design or autonomously. Recently, U.S. DOJ officials <a href="https://content.mlex.com/#/content/1476932/ai-pricing-algorithms-must-be-trained-checked-updated-for-antitrust-compliance-us-doj-official-says" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(27, 81, 124) !important; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none !important;">stated</a> that investigators would likely inquire whether companies enabled its AI to fix prices, whether they enabled the AI to communicate with competitors to abuse its monopoly power, and whether the companies included training on its AI to prevent the fixing of prices. Companies engaging in algorithmic data sharing or processing can mitigate these risks by (1) closely overseeing the design of its algorithm to ensure it is not designed to overtly collude with any rival’s algorithm and (2) consider implementing “compliance by design” principles that can reduce even the risk of tacit collusion (e.g., programming the algorithm to never share competitively sensitive pricing data with third-parties).</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 5px;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">Avoid exclusionary practices on existing services. </span>Many technology companies are working to incorporate the latest AI models into their existing products and services. However, companies run potential risks if they use an acquisition of or exclusive arrangement with an innovative AI company to foreclose rivals’ access in areas where they currently enjoy some degree of market power. For example, tying or bundling a newly released AI tool with an existing product or service could implicate competition law concerns in many jurisdictions. At the same time, such integration may improve service quality to the benefit of consumers. To mitigate these risks, companies should consider whether exclusive access to a particular AI model is essential and document expected customer benefits from any AI integration.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 5px;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">Ensure that agreements on AI standards do not set prices or limit innovation.</span> While the benefits of AI are potentially significant, many also believe that unfettered AI development has the potential to enact significant damage on society. These harms can arise from implementing AI in certain controversial use cases or from deploying the technology without certain safeguards. Across the globe, AI companies, policy makers, regulators, and consumers are debating the proper standards for continued AI development. However, discussions between competitors on the standards for technological development can raise concerns if they cross the line from agreements on safety and ethics to anticompetitive topics like price and output. Horizontal agreements among competitors to fix prices or reduce output are generally unlawful <em>per se</em>. Any potential agreement between AI developers should be narrowly tailored towards technical cooperation on safe standards for AI development, particularly when parties agree to adhere to those standards (rather than voluntary standards). Further, regulators are more likely to give particular scrutiny to agreements that may limit innovation for beneficial safety technologies, such as reducing the use of hate speech or offensive content in AI generative models. Thus, any such agreement should institute a floor, but not a ceiling, for safety standards.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 5px;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">Carefully consider exclusivity.</span> The base level of the technological stack that powers the global deployment of AI systems is cloud infrastructure. It has become increasingly common for cloud infrastructure providers to enter into arrangements to be the exclusive provider of cloud infrastructure to an AI company or service. Regulators may consider whether exclusivity arrangements result in the preferential treatment of the exclusive service over rivals, though the likelihood of foreclosure appears low given the dynamic nature of generative AI development and the large number of cloud service providers. Significant, relationship-specific investments are a standard justification for exclusive dealing arrangements and could apply where a cloud infrastructure provider is making a significant capital investment in the AI service provider. Cloud exclusivity can also be justified by the need to accurately forecast demand.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.618em !important; margin-bottom: 1em !important; padding-left: 5px;"><span style="font-weight: bolder;">Mergers and Acquisitions involving AI. </span>Competition regulators have made it clear that they view AI services as having the potential to disrupt existing industries. The agencies will pay close attention to the acquisition of an AI company by a competitor to determine whether the acquisition substantially lessens competition. The agencies also may consider vertical claims if the company being acquired operates an AI tool or service used by the acquirer’s competitors. Accordingly, businesses interested in acquiring an AI company should assess the antitrust risks, plan for such risks in the transaction agreement, and prepare to advocate for their deal early in the review process.</li></ul>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-72172881911196213992023-07-21T06:13:00.001-07:002023-07-21T06:13:30.323-07:00Checklist<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Checklist (disambiguation)">Checklist (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Checkbox2.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="55" data-file-width="170" decoding="async" height="55" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Checkbox2.png" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Checkbox2.png" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Checklists are commonly used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_checklist_for_the_composting_(6881977059).jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2816" data-file-width="2112" decoding="async" height="227" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_checklist_for_the_composting_%286881977059%29.jpg/170px-The_checklist_for_the_composting_%286881977059%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_checklist_for_the_composting_%286881977059%29.jpg/255px-The_checklist_for_the_composting_%286881977059%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_checklist_for_the_composting_%286881977059%29.jpg/340px-The_checklist_for_the_composting_%286881977059%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_checklist_for_the_composting_(6881977059).jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Checklists are useful for applying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methodology">methodology</a>.</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A<b> checklist</b> is a type of job aid used in repetitive tasks to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention. Checklists are used both to ensure that safety-critical system preparations are carried out completely and in the correct order,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> and in less critical applications to ensure that no step is left out of a procedure. they help to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. A basic example is the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To-do_list" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="To-do list">to do list</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Alexpuscasu_2014_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Alexpuscasu_2014-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> A more advanced checklist would be a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schedule">schedule</a>, which lays out tasks to be done according to time of day or other factors, or a pre-flight checklist for an airliner, which should ensure a safe take-off.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Degani_and_Wiener_1990_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Degani_and_Wiener_1990-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A primary function of a checklist is documentation of the task and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audit">auditing</a> against the documentation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cambridge_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Cambridge-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Use of a well designed checklist can reduce any tendency to avoid, omit or neglect important steps in any task.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ranapurwala_2014_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Ranapurwala_2014-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> For efficiency and acceptance, the checklist should easily readable, include only necessary checks, and be as short as reasonably practicable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Purpose">Purpose</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Purpose">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In general, a checklist is a quality management tool, an aid to completing a complex task correctly and completely. It is an aid to recall, provides a reminder of the correct sequence, and uses the operator's knowledge and skill efficiently to ensure that no critical steps are omitted, even when the operator is under stress or has degraded attention due to fatigue or other distractions, It allows cross checking, keeps team members informed of the status of readiness, and can provide a legal record of a sequence of events to indicate due diligence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Degani_and_Wiener_1990_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Degani_and_Wiener_1990-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> It differs from an instruction manual or operating manual in that it does not normally provide details on how to perform the steps, as it assumes that the operator is competent and familiar with each step.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DC10Checklist.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="270" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="149" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DC10Checklist.jpg/220px-DC10Checklist.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DC10Checklist.jpg/330px-DC10Checklist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/DC10Checklist.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DC10Checklist.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A pilot of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DC-10">DC-10</a> consulting his checklist</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Checklists are used both to ensure that safety-critical system preparations are carried out completely and in the correct order, and in less critical applications to ensure that no step is left out of a procedure, or that all components have been accounted for, or as a means of recording biodiversity.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Safety_critical_systems">Safety critical systems</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Safety critical systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Checklists are used to help avoid accidental omission of important preparation of equipment and systems. These may be routine operations like pre-flight checks on an airliner or relatively infrequent occasions like commissioning a nuclear power station or launching a spacecraft. The value of checklists is proportional to the complexity of the system and the consequences of a system failure. They may also aid in mitigating claims of negligence in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_liability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public liability">public liability</a> claims by providing evidence of a risk management system being in place. A signed off checklist with a document describing the listed checks may be accepted as evidence of due diligence. Conversely, the absence of a mandatory checklist may be considered evidence of negligence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Aviation_and_space_flight_safety">Aviation and space flight safety</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Aviation and space flight safety">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Checklists have long been a feature of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_safety" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aviation safety">aviation safety</a> to ensure that critical items are not overlooked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> The best known example is the cockpit <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-flight_checklist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pre-flight checklist">Pre-flight checklist</a>, which is intended to ensure that the crew correctly configures the aircraft for flight on every flight. A normal checklist is used before critical flight segments, such as takeoff, approach and landing, which are the phases in which the highest incidence of accidents occur due to procedural error. Checklists are also used for troubleshooting, to identify and where practicable, correct malfunctions. They cannot substitute for pilot skill and learned and practiced immediate response to critical malfunctions, but are useful for mitigation attempts when time allows.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Degani_and_Wiener_1990_3-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Degani_and_Wiener_1990-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_care">Health care</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In health care, particularly surgery, checklists may be used to ensure that the correct procedure is carried out on each patient.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Checklists_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Checklists-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Checklists have been used in healthcare practice to ensure that <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_practice_guideline" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clinical practice guideline">clinical practice guidelines</a> are followed. An example is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Surgical_Safety_Checklist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WHO Surgical Safety Checklist">WHO Surgical Safety Checklist</a> developed for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and found to have a large effect on improving patient safety.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Checklists_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Checklists-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> According to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> after introduction of the checklist mortality dropped by 23% and all complications by 40%, but higher-quality studies are required to make the meta-analysis more robust.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bergs_et_al_2014_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Bergs_et_al_2014-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Checklist use in healthcare has not always met with success and transferability between settings has been questioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dixon-Woods_et_al_2013_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Dixon-Woods_et_al_2013-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> A survey found them to have no statistical effect in a cohort of hospitals in the Province of Ontario in Canada.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Urbach_et_al_2014_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Urbach_et_al_2014-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> In the UK, a study on the implementation of a checklist for provision of medical care to elderly patients admitting to hospital found that the checklist highlighted limitations with frailty assessment in acute care and motivated teams to review routine practices, but that work is needed to understand whether and how checklists can be embedded in complex multidisciplinary care.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Papoutsi_et_al_2018_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Papoutsi_et_al_2018-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Underwater_diving">Underwater diving</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Underwater diving">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_diving" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Professional diving">professional diving</a>, checklists are used in the preparation of equipment for a dive, and to ensure that the diver and life support systems are fully prepared before they enter the water. To a lesser extent, checklists are used by a minority of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_diving" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recreational diving">recreational divers</a>, and by a larger proportion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_diving" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Technical diving">technical divers</a> during pre-dive checks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ranapurwala_2014_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Ranapurwala_2014-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Studies have shown <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_safety#Use_of_checklists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diving safety">checklists to be effective</a> at reducing the number of errors and consequent incidents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Quality_assurance_applications">Quality assurance applications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Quality assurance applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Used in quality assurance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, to check process compliance, code standardization and error prevention, and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Often used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_industry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Private industry">industry</a> in operations <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/procedure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:procedure">procedures</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_litigation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Civil litigation">civil litigation</a> to deal with the complexity of discovery and motions practice. An example is the open-source litigation checklist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Used by some investors as a critical part of their investment process,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The creation of emergency <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_kit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Survival kit">survival kits</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid_kit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First aid kit">first aid kits</a> and other collections of diverse apparatus, to ensure that the set is complete.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janitorial_checklist&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Janitorial checklist (page does not exist)">Janitorial checklists</a> are used for quality control.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Janitorial_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Janitorial-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="For_information">For information</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: For information">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">An <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ornithological_checklist&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ornithological checklist (page does not exist)">ornithological checklist</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ornithological_checklists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Ornithological checklists">Category:Ornithological checklists</a>), a list of birds with standardized names that helps ornithologists communicate with the public without the use of Latinised <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific names</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_checklist&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biodiversity checklist (page does not exist)">biodiversity checklist</a> is a list of organisms recorded from a given geographical region or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taxon">taxon</a>. These include worldwide lists indicating the continued existence of species within specified taxa, and are also used to record the species found in countries, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bioregion">bioregions</a>, or specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>. They may be a form of database.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kew_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Kew-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CoL_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CoL-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A popular tool for tracking sports card collections. Randomly inserted in packs, checklist cards provide information on the contents of sports card set.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Effectiveness_of_checklists">Effectiveness of checklists</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Effectiveness of checklists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Ranapurwala et al. (2017) found:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">The use of memorized checklists was similar to not using any checklist at all; hence the use of written checklists should be encouraged, instead.</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Characteristics of effective checklists include:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Checklists should be simple and convenient to use. Each listed item should be necessary and together they should be sufficient.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Checklists focused on the responsibilities of a specific person, or a group who will work together, are less likely to have items left out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Grouping items which can be done at the same time or place, or by the same person, often improves efficiency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A group may have a checkbox to indicate completion of the group. This is more likely to be helpful if there are several groups.</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Where reasonably practicable the items to be checked by a specific person can be grouped on the list. This makes it easier for them to keep track of what they have done and must still do. In some cases it may help to split them off as a separate checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Items should not be over-detailed in description nor ambiguous. A checklist should not try to define or describe procedures which should be familiar to the checker, though critical steps may usefully be listed in order when order is important.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ordering of the list should be logical. Where chronological order is important, it should be indicated by order on the list. Where items to be checked are spatially distributed, an order minimising travel or search time is efficient.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The most convenient and reliable checklists are normally completed from top to bottom in a single session. It should be easy to recover from any interruption without risking missing an item or redoing a check unnecessarily.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The physical checklist must be convenient to use on site. It should not require special effort to read, or protect it from the environment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">It may be useful to cross-reference the checklist to the standard procedure, where the process is definitively described in detail, particularly for training and audit purposes. This makes it easy to check if there is any doubt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Some checklists must be signed off and kept as evidence, others may be re-usable. This may affect the format and materials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Checkboxes at the beginning of each item are easier to find and follow to the next incomplete check. A keyword at the beginning of the text will help ensure that the correct box is ticked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">When several checklists are used, due to complexity of the task, or the need for several people to make checks at different places, a master checklist indicating the completion of each subordinate checklist may be used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">If instructions are necessary, they should be included. If not, they should be left out as they will distract the user.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lists of actions for standard procedures, in which details are provided for each step.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Fox_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lists of actions for standard procedures, in which no or very little detail is provided for each step on the assumption that the operator is entirely familiar with each step, and the checklist is used to ensure that no steps are omitted, or the preferred order is followed</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Project coordination lists, which specify who is responsible for each part of the project.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Fox_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Troubleshooting checklists, which may have multiple branches for diagnosis, or a series of procedures for responding to an emergency<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Fox_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Checklists to increase objectivity in decision-making, to reduce emotional influences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Fox_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lists of things to be done over a specified period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Fox_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The design of a checklist should fit the purpose of the list. If a checklist is perceived as a top-down means to control behaviour by the organisational hierarchy it is more likely to be rejected and fail in its purpose. A checklist perceived as helping the operator to save time and reduce error is likely to be better accepted. This is more likely to happen when the user is involved in the development of the checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Rae et al. (2018) define <i>safety clutter</i> as "the accumulation and persistence of 'safety' work that does not contribute to operational safety", and state that "when 'safety' rules impose a significant and unnecessary burden on the performance of everyday activities, both work and safety suffer".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An objective in checklist design that it should promote a positive attitude towards the use of the checklist by the operators. For this to happen it must be realistic, convenient and not be regarded as a nuisance. A checklist should be designed to describe and facilitate a physical procedure that is accepted by the operators as necessary, effective, efficient and convenient.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mode_of_use">Mode of use</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Mode of use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A checklist may be used to identify the action, after which it is done, then checked off as complete and the next item identified, known as the <i>read–do</i>, <i>do–list</i> or <i>call–do–response</i> process, or the tasks may be done, and then the checklist consulted to ensure that nothing has been left out, the <i>do–confirm</i> procedure, in which the status of tasks must be remembered until checked off, which may result in more errors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup>or <i>challenge, verification, and response</i> process, in which the checklist is used after the tasks have been completed. Both methods have merit and suitable applications, and the most suitable type of checklist will depend on the type of operation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the <i>call–do–response</i> system, the checklist is used to lead the operators through a step-by-step procedure where one operator directs the others, following the list. Each item requiring configuration is listed on the checklist and all relevant operators must be present while the checks are done. This method tends to be more detailed and time consuming. It may be more appropriate for systems which are less familiar to the operators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the <i>challenge–verification–response</i>, the operators prepare the system following a standard sequence of actions performed from memory, then use the checklist to verify that the critical items have been correctly configured. One operator reads the challenge part of the checklist, the designated parties verify the status, and one of them provides the appropriate response. This is done in sequence until the list is complete. It may be ticked or signed off as specified. This method is efficient, as each operator can get on with their checks and then when the checklist is run through, all the relevant crew are updated on the system status.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Physical characteristics are things such as the actual size of the document, contrast, colour, and typography. The main factors in typography are legibility of text and readability in the conditions in which the document is expected to be used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Legibility of text involves the selection of characters to enable the reader to identify them quickly and positively discriminate them from other characters. Readability is the quality of the word or text which allows rapid recognition of single words, word groups, abbreviations, and symbols.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Thousands of fonts are available, in two major groups: Roman (with serifs) and sans-serif. Research has shown that sans-serif is more legible than Roman as the absence of serifs presents simple and clean typeface. Arial or Helvetica are preferred.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The consensus of researchers is that lowercase is more legible because the pattern of the whole word is more familiar, and the pattern of ascenders and descenders is helpful for recognition. The occasional use of uppercase words for emphasis or in acronyms is acceptable, particularly where this is the common usage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Font size is important for readability, especially for older operators. A font size between 14 and 20 points is recommended for reasonably well illuminated situations. Font size less than 10 points is not recommended. Checklists for use in poorly illuminated conditions should use a larger font for improved readability. Black text on a white background is generally preferred for best contrast, though in some cases a yellow background is acceptable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Other factors influencing readability and reducing error include both horizontal and vertical character spacing, stroke width and character height to width ratio, and line length. Italics reduce readability of large areas of text but are acceptable for emphasis of a few words. Bolding does not affect readability significantly, but is useful for emphasis, and is best used with discretion. The use of multiple type faces in body text can be confusing and significantly reduces readability, so should be avoided. Contrast is more useful than colour to provide visibility of characters. White on black can be useful if dark adaptation must be preserved, but is not optimum when illumination is good. If checklists are plastic laminated, an anti-glare finish should be used to prevent disruption by highlights. Opacity of the paper is important if printed on both sides or there is a possibility of backlighting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Degani_1992_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Degani_1992-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Content_and_layout">Content and layout</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Content and layout">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The workload and time available should be considered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Each listed item should be necessary and together they should be sufficient. Only necessary instructions should be included.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> A checklist should be as brief as possible without compromising clarity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Items should not be over-detailed in description nor ambiguous. A checklist should not try to define or describe procedures which should be familiar to the checker, though critical steps may usefully be listed in order when order is important.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Numbering the items usually helps with place-keeping.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> It may be useful to cross-reference the checklist to the standard procedure document, where the process is definitively described in detail, particularly for training and audit purposes. This makes it easy to check if there is any doubt, but does not distract the user. Version number and date may be required to ensure that the current authorised version is in use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Ordering of the list should be logical. Where chronological order is important, it should be indicated by order on the list. The most convenient and reliable checklists are normally completed from top to bottom in a single session. It should be easy to recover from any interruption without risking missing an item or redoing a check unnecessarily. Grouping items which can be done at the same time or place, or by the same person, often improves efficiency. Where items to be checked are spatially distributed, an order minimising travel or search time is efficient.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Checkboxes at the beginning of each item are easier to find and follow to the next incomplete check. A keyword at the beginning of the text will help ensure that the correct box is ticked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Format">Format</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Format">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Closing_a_business_checklist.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="990" data-file-width="765" decoding="async" height="285" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Closing_a_business_checklist.svg/220px-Closing_a_business_checklist.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Closing_a_business_checklist.svg/330px-Closing_a_business_checklist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Closing_a_business_checklist.svg/440px-Closing_a_business_checklist.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Closing_a_business_checklist.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Example checklist</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Checklists are often presented as lists with small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkbox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Checkbox">checkboxes</a> down the left hand side of the page. A small tick or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmark" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Checkmark">checkmark</a> is drawn in the box after the item has been completed. If practicable a check should not be split over two pages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Other formats are also sometimes used. Aviation checklists generally consist of a system and an action divided by a dashed line, and lack a checkbox as they are often read aloud and are usually intended to be reused.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some checklists must be signed off and kept as evidence, others may be re-usable. This may affect the format and materials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Errors">Errors</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Errors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Long or confusing items, an inconvenient order, or any other characteristic that causes the users to perceive it as an obstacle will increase the chances that when constrained for time, the operators will revert to alternative methods, omit items or disregard the checklist entirely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Error conditions that may occur include:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Using the wrong checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Difficulty in finding the right checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Difficulty in confirming that the checklist is the right one for the situation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Losing track of where one is in the checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Missing a step or not completing a step after an interruption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Misunderstanding the action required by the checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Difficulty in confirming that an action required by the checklist was done correctly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Difficulty in finding the next step after a conditional statement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Difficulty in reading a checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lack of clarity about who should carry out a checklist action.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Failing to complete the checklist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAA_6-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-CAA-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) hearings into the crash of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines_Flight_255" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northwest Airlines Flight 255">Northwest Airlines Flight 255</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human factors">human factors</a> specialist <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Wiener&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earl Wiener (page does not exist)">Earl Wiener</a> testified that he "did not know of any human factors research on how a checklist should be designed". NASA research into the matter concluded that as of 1989, there was basically no human factors research available anywhere specific to aircraft checklists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The NTSB recommended that the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FAA">FAA</a> investigate ways of presenting checklists that produce better performance. The Safety Board also recommended that the FAA should specify typography criteria for checklists for commercial operators. Researchers found problems with both the physical design and social issues associated with the use of checklists which degrades effective use. Two documents were produced by NASA, <cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFDeganiWiener1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Degani, Asaf; Wiener, Earl L. (May 1990). Human Factors of Flight-Deck Checklists: The Normal Checklist. <i>NASA Contractor Report 177549</i> (Report). NASA.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+Factors+of+Flight-Deck+Checklists%3A+The+Normal+Checklist&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Degani&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rft.au=Wiener%2C+Earl+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span> and <cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFDegani1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Degani, Asaf (December 1992). On the Typography of Flight-deck Documentation. <i>NASA Contractor report # 177605</i> (Report). NASA.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=On+the+Typography+of+Flight-deck+Documentation&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1992-12&rft.aulast=Degani&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span>. This was followed by a document from the UK CAA: "CAP 676: Guidance on the Design, Presentation, and Use of Emergency and Abnormal Checklist".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Use">Use</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Excessive dependence of checklists may hinder performance when dealing with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-critical" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time-critical">time-critical</a> situation, for example a medical emergency or an in-flight emergency. Checklists should not be used as a replacement for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common sense">common sense</a> or necessary skill. Intensive training including rote-learning of checklists can help integrate use of checklists with more adaptive and flexible problem solving techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Experimental work has shown that memorised checklists are less effective than written checklists in identifying unsafe conditions when time is not critical.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ranapurwala_2014_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_note-Ranapurwala_2014-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/checklist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wiktionary:checklist">checklist</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_sheet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Check sheet">Check sheet</a>, a form (document) used to collect data in real time at the location where the data is generated</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Checksum">Checksum</a>, data used to detect errors in other data (often automated)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_calendar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital calendar">Digital calendar</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management#Task_list_organization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time management">Task list organization</a>, the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time spent on specific activities</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_list" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Punch list">Punch list</a>, also known as snag list, a construction project document</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_do_list" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="To do list">To do list</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Checklist_Manifesto" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Checklist Manifesto">The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right</a></i> – 2009 book by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Gawande" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atul Gawande">Atul Gawande</a> advocating the use of checklists</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checklist&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Higgins_and_Boorman_2016_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHigginsBoorman2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Higgins, W.Y.; Boorman, D.J. (2016). "An analysis of the effectiveness of checklists when combined with other processes, methods and tools to reduce risk in high hazard activities". <i>Boeing Tech J</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boeing+Tech+J&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+the+effectiveness+of+checklists+when+combined+with+other+processes%2C+methods+and+tools+to+reduce+risk+in+high+hazard+activities&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=W.Y.&rft.au=Boorman%2C+D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Alexpuscasu_2014-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Alexpuscasu_2014_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPuscasu2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Puscasu, Alex (14 December 2020). <a class="external text" href="http://apepm.co.uk/checklist-what-is-it-and-why-use-it/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Checklist, what is it and why use it? – Ape"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Checklist%2C+what+is+it+and+why+use+it%3F+%E2%80%93+Ape&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Puscasu&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapepm.co.uk%2Fchecklist-what-is-it-and-why-use-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Degani_and_Wiener_1990-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Degani_and_Wiener_1990_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Degani_and_Wiener_1990_3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Degani_and_Wiener_1990_3-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFDeganiWiener1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Degani, Asaf; Wiener, Earl L. (May 1990). <a class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19910017830/downloads/19910017830.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Human Factors of Flight-Deck Checklists: The Normal Checklist</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Contractor Report 177549</i> (Report). NASA.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+Factors+of+Flight-Deck+Checklists%3A+The+Normal+Checklist&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Degani&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rft.au=Wiener%2C+Earl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F19910017830%2Fdownloads%2F19910017830.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Cambridge-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Cambridge_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/schedule" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Schedule"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815024047/http://dictionary.cambridge.org:80/dictionary/english/schedule" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=Schedule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fschedule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ranapurwala_2014-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Ranapurwala_2014_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Ranapurwala_2014_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Ranapurwala_2014_5-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFRanapurwala2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ranapurwala, Shabbar Ismailbhai (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/kajabi-storefronts-production/sites/3839/themes/2022276/downloads/YireZHSSROiIiOnUzAJ6_Ranapurwala_-_2014_-_University_of_North_Carolina.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Prevention of scuba diving mishaps using a predive checklist:A cluster randomized trial</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>PhD dissertation</i> (Report). University of North Carolina.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Prevention+of+scuba+diving+mishaps+using+a+predive+checklist%3AA+cluster+randomized+trial&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ranapurwala&rft.aufirst=Shabbar+Ismailbhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fkajabi-storefronts-production%2Fsites%2F3839%2Fthemes%2F2022276%2Fdownloads%2FYireZHSSROiIiOnUzAJ6_Ranapurwala_-_2014_-_University_of_North_Carolina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-CAA-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CAA_6-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFSafety_Regulation_Group2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Safety Regulation Group (30 August 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/cap676.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Guidance on the Design, Presentation and Use of Emergency and Abnormal Checklists</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>CAP 676</i> (Report). CAA. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11790-637-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-11790-637-9"><bdi>0-11790-637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+the+Design%2C+Presentation+and+Use+of+Emergency+and+Abnormal+Checklists&rft.pub=CAA&rft.date=2006-08-30&rft.isbn=0-11790-637-9&rft.au=Safety+Regulation+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicapps.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F33%2Fcap676.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lau_2023-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Lau_2023_7-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFLau2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lau, Stuart "Kipp" (1 March 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2023-03-01/best-practices-checklist-design-account-human-limitations" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Best Practices in Checklist Design Account for Human Limitations"</a>. <i>AINonline: Business aviation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AINonline%3A+Business+aviation&rft.atitle=Best+Practices+in+Checklist+Design+Account+for+Human+Limitations&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Stuart+%22Kipp%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fainonline.com%2Faviation-news%2Fbusiness-aviation%2F2023-03-01%2Fbest-practices-checklist-design-account-human-limitations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Checklists-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Checklists_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Checklists_8-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHaynesGawande2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Haynes, A.; Gawande, A. (January 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:38846186" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>360</b> (5): 491–499. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsa0810119" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1056/NEJMsa0810119</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19144931" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">19144931</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2639397" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2639397</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+surgical+safety+checklist+to+reduce+morbidity+and+mortality+in+a+global+population&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=491-499&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2639397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19144931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMsa0810119&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gawande%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A38846186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bergs_et_al_2014-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Bergs_et_al_2014_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBergsHellingsCleemputZurel2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bergs, J.; Hellings, J.; Cleemput, I.; Zurel, Ö.; De Troyer, V.; Van Hiel, M.; Demeere, J.L.; Claeys, D.; Vandijck, D. (Feb 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.9381" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist on postoperative complications"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Surgery</i>. <b>101</b> (3): 150–8. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.9381" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/bjs.9381</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24469615" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24469615</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+the+effect+of+the+World+Health+Organization+surgical+safety+checklist+on+postoperative+complications.&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=150-8&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbjs.9381&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24469615&rft.aulast=Bergs&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hellings%2C+J.&rft.au=Cleemput%2C+I.&rft.au=Zurel%2C+%C3%96.&rft.au=De+Troyer%2C+V.&rft.au=Van+Hiel%2C+M.&rft.au=Demeere%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Claeys%2C+D.&rft.au=Vandijck%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fbjs.9381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dixon-Woods_et_al_2013-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Dixon-Woods_et_al_2013_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDixon-WoodsLeslieTarrantBion2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dixon-Woods, Mary; Leslie, Myles; Tarrant, Carolyn; Bion, Julian (20 June 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704826" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Explaining Matching Michigan: an ethnographic study of a patient safety program"</a>. <i>Implementation Science</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 70. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1748-5908-8-70" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1186/1748-5908-8-70</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704826" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3704826</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23786847" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23786847</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Implementation+Science&rft.atitle=Explaining+Matching+Michigan%3A+an+ethnographic+study+of+a+patient+safety+program&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3704826%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23786847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1748-5908-8-70&rft.aulast=Dixon-Woods&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Leslie%2C+Myles&rft.au=Tarrant%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Bion%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3704826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Urbach_et_al_2014-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Urbach_et_al_2014_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFUrbachGovindarajanSaskinWilton2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Urbach, D.R.; Govindarajan, A; Saskin, R.; Wilton, A.S.; Baxter, N.N. (March 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsa1308261" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Introduction of surgical safety checklists in Ontario, Canada"</a>. <i>N. Engl. J. Med</i>. <b>370</b> (11): 1029–38. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsa1308261" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1056/NEJMsa1308261</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24620866" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24620866</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=Introduction+of+surgical+safety+checklists+in+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.volume=370&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1029-38&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMsa1308261&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24620866&rft.aulast=Urbach&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Govindarajan%2C+A&rft.au=Saskin%2C+R.&rft.au=Wilton%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+N.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMsa1308261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Papoutsi_et_al_2018-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Papoutsi_et_al_2018_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPapoutsiPootsClementsWyrko2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Papoutsi, Chrysanthi; Poots, Alan; Clements, Jake; Wyrko, Zoe; Offord, Natalie; Reed, Julie E (5 January 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016694" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Improving patient safety for older people in acute admissions: implementation of the Frails afe checklist in 12 hospitals across the UK"</a>. <i>Age and Ageing</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 311–317. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fageing%2Fafx194" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/ageing/afx194</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016694" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6016694</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315375" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">29315375</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Age+and+Ageing&rft.atitle=Improving+patient+safety+for+older+people+in+acute+admissions%3A+implementation+of+the+Frails+afe+checklist+in+12+hospitals+across+the+UK&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-317&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6016694%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29315375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fageing%2Fafx194&rft.aulast=Papoutsi&rft.aufirst=Chrysanthi&rft.au=Poots%2C+Alan&rft.au=Clements%2C+Jake&rft.au=Wyrko%2C+Zoe&rft.au=Offord%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Reed%2C+Julie+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6016694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_13-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference cs1" id="CITEREFHodgesMiddletonLock" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hodges, Vallorie J.; Middleton, Crispin; Lock, Gareth. Côté, I.M.; Verde, E.A. (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://www.thehumandiver.com/checklists" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Capturing the Stupid Stuff: Using Checklists to Improve Performance in Scientific Diving</i></a>. Diving for Science 2019: Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 38th Symposium. – via thehumandiver.com.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Capturing+the+Stupid+Stuff%3A+Using+Checklists+to+Improve+Performance+in+Scientific+Diving&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Vallorie+J.&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Crispin&rft.au=Lock%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehumandiver.com%2Fchecklists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Janitorial-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Janitorial_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.brcompany.com.au/check-list/janitorial-cleaning-checklist/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Janitorial Cleaning Checklist"</a>. <i>www.brcompany.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brcompany.com.au&rft.atitle=Janitorial+Cleaning+Checklist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brcompany.com.au%2Fcheck-list%2Fjanitorial-cleaning-checklist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kew-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Kew_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=318510" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"</a>. <i>apps.kew.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.kew.org&rft.atitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fsynonomy.do%3Fname_id%3D318510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-CoL-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-CoL_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/browse/tree/id/65e4e15897787852d2db0b1c044ac88c" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Catalogue of Life - 2019 Annual Checklist : Taxonomic tree"</a>. <i>www.catalogueoflife.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catalogueoflife.org&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+Life+-+2019+Annual+Checklist+%3A+Taxonomic+tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalogueoflife.org%2Fannual-checklist%2F2019%2Fbrowse%2Ftree%2Fid%2F65e4e15897787852d2db0b1c044ac88c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Courtnell_2019-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Courtnell_2019_17-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFCourtnell2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Courtnell, Jane (18 December 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.process.st/making-checklists/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Making Checklists: Our Top 5 Tips From Pros Around The World"</a>. <i>www.process.st</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.process.st&rft.atitle=Making+Checklists%3A+Our+Top+5+Tips+From+Pros+Around+The+World&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.aulast=Courtnell&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.process.st%2Fmaking-checklists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Fox_2010-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Fox_2010_18-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFox2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fox, Justin (23 February 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2010/02/draftwhat-sort-of-checklist-sh.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What Sort of Checklist Should You Be Using?"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=What+Sort+of+Checklist+Should+You+Be+Using%3F&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2010%2F02%2Fdraftwhat-sort-of-checklist-sh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Degani_1992-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist#cite_ref-Degani_1992_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFDegani1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Degani, Asaf (December 1992). <a class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930010781/downloads/19930010781.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">On the Typography of Flight-deck Documentation</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Contractor report # 177605</i>(Report). NASA.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=On+the+Typography+of+Flight-deck+Documentation&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1992-12&rft.aulast=Degani&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F19930010781%2Fdownloads%2F19930010781.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChecklist"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Occupational_safety_and_health" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 864px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 856px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; 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clear: both; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Note-taking" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Note-taking">Note-taking</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Checklists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Checklists">Checklists</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); 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top: -14px; transform: translate(143px, 0px);"></div></div></div></div></div><span aria-hidden="true" class="hr hs" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; margin: 0px 8px;"><br /></span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="l hy" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 auto;"><span class="be b bf z dv" face="sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">·</span></div></div><p><span face="source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif" style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em;"><br /></span></p><p><span face="source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif" style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em;"><br /></span></p><p><span face="source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif" style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em;">Project Debater team authors: Roy Bar-Haim, Yoav Katz, Elad Venezian, and Noam Slonim</span></p><div class="eo ep eq er es l" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin-bottom: 68px;"><article style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="l" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="l" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><section style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="fh fi fj fk fl" style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="ab ca" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><div class="ch bg et eu ev ew" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 24px; max-width: 680px; min-width: 0px; width: 680px;"><h1 class="mq mr fo be ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9d4b" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.016em; line-height: 30px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em;">Introduction</h1><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ls lt fo lu b lv no lx ly lz np mb mc md nq mf mg mh nr mj mk ml ns mn mo mp fh bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e9ad" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Information on the web is overwhelming. No one person can read every article, every review, every piece of information that could be relevant to a topic. Developing tools that allow data scientists and other teams to boil the overflowing pot of text data down into a manageable amount of information that is not only <em class="nt" style="box-sizing: inherit;">consumable </em>at a human level, but also organized into <em class="nt" style="box-sizing: inherit;">distinct main points </em>would be a dream for those who need this, such as consumers in need to make a quick choice, but one they can feel confident in, product managers needing to decide on a tool or approach for a large project, or public agencies seeking understanding from large freeform municipal surveys. Building on <a class="af nu" href="https://www.research.ibm.com/artificial-intelligence/project-debater/research/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;" target="_blank">years of research</a> at IBM as part of the Project Debater, the Project <a class="af nu" href="https://early-access-program.debater.res.ibm.com/academic_use" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;" target="_blank">Debater API </a>(currently available in an early access release) gives data science teams the ability to quickly build well-crafted text summarizations that allow humans to comprehend a large scale of information with the important details included and the fluff dropped out.</p><h1 class="mq mr fo be ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1f1f" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.016em; line-height: 30px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em;">Project Debater</h1><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ls lt fo lu b lv no lx ly lz np mb mc md nq mf mg mh nr mj mk ml ns mn mo mp fh bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="486a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><a class="af nu" href="https://www.research.ibm.com/artificial-intelligence/project-debater/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;" target="_blank">Project Debater</a> is the first AI system to successfully engage with a human in a live debate. Project Debater made its debut in 2018 in San Francisco and was featured in several live debates since then, including a 2019 debate with 2016 World Debating Championship’s Grand Finalist and 2012 European Debate Champion Harish Natarajan......</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ls lt fo lu b lv no lx ly lz np mb mc md nq mf mg mh nr mj mk ml ns mn mo mp fh bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="486a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><br /></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ls lt fo lu b lv no lx ly lz np mb mc md nq mf mg mh nr mj mk ml ns mn mo mp fh bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="486a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">To read the rest of the article go to the following <a href="https://medium.com/ibm-data-ai/introduction-to-project-debater-apis-a5199c7537bc">link</a></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ls lt fo lu b lv no lx ly lz np mb mc md nq mf mg mh nr mj mk ml ns mn mo mp fh bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="486a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><br /></p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph ls lt fo lu b lv no lx ly lz np mb mc md nq mf mg mh nr mj mk ml ns mn mo mp fh bj" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="486a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">The following is a link of google search pages on this important subject <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=debater+project&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1066&sxsrf=AB5stBhlSEzxH82EsKnUd6mnfflEBQ8Lsw:1689240976475&ei=kMWvZN-yHNSfkdUPpcajmAc&start=10&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjfut6CsYuAAxXUT6QEHSXjCHMQ8tMDegQIBhAE&biw=929&bih=932&dpr=1">Click here...</a></p><figure class="ny nz oa ob oc od nv nw paragraph-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; margin: 56px auto 0px;"><div class="oe of eb og bg oh" role="button" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; position: relative; transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; width: 680px; z-index: auto;" tabindex="0"><div class="nv nw nx" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 952px;"><br /></div></div><figcaption class="ok ol om nv nw on oo be b bf z dv" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;"><br /></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab ca" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); display: flex; font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; justify-content: center;"><div class="ch bg et eu ev ew" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 24px; max-width: 680px; min-width: 0px; width: 680px;"><div class="pv pw ab ib" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 6px;"></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-84783377606775074952023-07-13T02:29:00.000-07:002023-07-13T02:29:23.195-07:00Open to Debate<p> </p><header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(162, 169, 177) 0px 1px; color: #202122; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: titlebar / titlebar / titlebar / titlebar; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative;"><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border: 0px; color: black; flex-grow: 1; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open to Debate</span></h1><div class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" id="p-lang-btn" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex-shrink: 0; float: right; margin-right: -12px; position: relative;"><input aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Debates&redirect=no" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates">Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates</a>)</span></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">Open to Debate Foundation</caption><tbody><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Open to Debate Foundation Logo" data-file-height="1491" data-file-width="1488" decoding="async" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png/220px-Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png/330px-Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png/440px-Open_to_Debate_Logo_Square.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Open to Debate Foundation Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">2006 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York City">New York City</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_founder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosenkranz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Rosenkranz">Robert Rosenkranz</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">CEO</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">Clea Conner</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="vertical-align: top;">Nonprofit Media</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://opentodebate.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">opentodebate<wbr></wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Open to Debate Foundation</b> (Formerly Intelligence Squared U.S.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> media group that produces nationally broadcast debates and conversations on a wide array of topics spanning technology, law, global affairs, culture, science, medicine, and public policy issues. The mission of the organization is to "address the extreme polarization of our nation and our politics" and "restore critical thinking, facts, reason, and civility to American public discourse".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-about_US_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-about_US-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An award-winning<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-about_US_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-about_US-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> national radio program,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> podcast,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> television show, and digital platform, Open to Debate has produced more than 200 live debates since 2006 and made history by hosting the first debate ever between an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and a human being, in partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a>”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AI_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-AI-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Open to Debate episodes have been broadcast on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NPR">NPR</a> since 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-earliest_NPR_archive_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-earliest_NPR_archive-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> in addition to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloomberg_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-bloomberg-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC">BBC</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PBS">PBS</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Newsy">Newsy</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> and education streaming platform <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondrium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wondrium">Wondrium</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In April 2023, the organization changed Intelligence Squared U.S. to Open to Debate to reflect their shift toward a model of open discussion which they hoped would help combat rising levels of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Political polarization in the United States">polarization in US politics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Founding">Founding</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Open to Debate was originally founded as Intelligence Squared U.S. in the United States by philanthropist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rosenkranz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Rosenkranz">Robert Rosenkranz</a> in 2006 as a nonprofit organization based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Squared" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence Squared">Intelligence Squared</a> in the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> It was created as a distinctly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> institution with a mission to "raise the level of public discourse" in America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-US_2006_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-US_2006-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> Based in New York City, Open to Debate produces a weekly debate program that is broadcast as a radio program, podcast, and digital video. Open to Debate hosts debates around the country and partners with a variety of institutions in the private and public sectors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sponsorships_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-sponsorships-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Programming">Programming</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Programming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Open to Debate programs a variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Debate">debate</a> formats, including Oxford-Style<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-format_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-format-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> inspired by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, Unresolved, Agree-To-Disagree, and interviews on American public discourse trends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> In the traditional Oxford-style debate format, two teams of two are assembled to debate a sharply framed resolution and the debate is conducted in three rounds: opening remarks, a cross examination and live audience Q&A, and closing remarks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-format_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-format-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> In the “Unresolved” format, which the organization created, up to five participants can debate and change their mind from one resolution to another.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Activism_on_US_presidential_debates">Activism on US presidential debates</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Activism on US presidential debates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Open to Debate has called for the need to “fix the presidential debates” since 2016.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> The organization launched a petition and media campaign calling on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Presidential_Debates" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commission on Presidential Debates">Commission on Presidential Debates</a> to reform the debate formats that are presented to the American public. The petition called on Americans to support an initiative to change the format of the Presidential debates, and garnered more than 60,000 signatures and millions of engagements on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and across social media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2017, Open to Debate was a co-sponsor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_York_City_mayoral_election" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2017 New York City mayoral election">2017 New York City mayoral election</a> debates, broadcast on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NY1">NY1</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During the 2020 election, Open to Debate was featured in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Politico">Politico</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> among other media outlets, to help improve the Presidential debates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> During the 2020 election, they presented three virtual debates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> which were referenced as examples of how Presidential debates could still be produced during a global pandemic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Project_Debater_AI_and_That.E2.80.99s_Debatable_program"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Project_Debater_AI_and_That’s_Debatable_program">Project Debater AI and That’s Debatable program</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Project Debater AI and That’s Debatable program">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2019, Open to Debate served as the host of the first debate in history between an artificial intelligence and a human debater.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vox_News_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-Vox_News-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> The debate took place between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a>’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a>, an artificial intelligence project designed to debate humans, and Harish Natarajan, who holds the world record in number of debate competition victories. The motion was “We should subsidize preschools.” <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> It has since been featured in a documentary produced by IBM <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Grant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adam Grant">Adam Grant</a>’s book, Think Again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">“That’s Debatable” followed two years later as a television series presented by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg Media">Bloomberg Media</a> and Open to Debate<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">For each episode of “That’s Debatable,” <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a> used a new advancement in natural language processing (NLP) from IBM Research to provide insight into three distinct debate topics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AI_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-AI-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> More than 5,000 arguments were submitted online from around the world across the three topics, which were then analyzed and distilled into key points that were highlighted on the show and discussed by human debaters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Partnerships">Partnerships</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Partnerships">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Open to Debate has partnered with various institutions in the private sector, public sector, and academia, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Forum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brussels Forum">Brussels Forum</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_Pritzker_School_of_Law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law">Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techonomy_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Techonomy Media">Techonomy</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy_Roundtable" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philanthropy Roundtable">Philanthropy Roundtable</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> The Richmond Forum,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> and many more.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sponsorships_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-sponsorships-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Open to Debate has brought more than 800 prominent public figures to the program, garnering thousands of headlines in the press.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guests_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-guests-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> Past guests and their corresponding debates include:</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Abrams" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dan Abrams">Dan Abrams</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Baker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stewart Baker">Stewart Baker</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Beinart" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Bernstein" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jared Bernstein">Jared Bernstein</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Boot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Max Boot">Max Boot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jamelle Bouie">Jamelle Bouie</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bremmer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ian Bremmer">Ian Bremmer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brooks_(commentator)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Brooks (commentator)">David Brooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Broussard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meredith Broussard">Meredith Broussard</a>, Gloria Browne-Marshall, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Nicholas_Burns" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="R. Nicholas Burns">Nicholas Burns</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carr_(journalist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Carr (journalist)">David Carr</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Castro" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%27ev_Chafets" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ze'ev Chafets">Ze'ev Chafets</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Cheney" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Chollet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Derek Chollet">Derek Chollet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church_(geneticist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Church (geneticist)">George Church</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Clark" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Clegg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roger Clegg">Roger Clegg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Close" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Eliot A. Cohen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Cohn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonathan Cohn">Jonathan Cohn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Crook" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clive Crook">Clive Crook</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a>, Suzanne DiMaggio, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Draper" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tim Draper">Tim Draper</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Dyson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esther Dyson">Esther Dyson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Economy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth Economy">Elizabeth Economy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeke_Emmanuel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zeke Emmanuel">Zeke Emmanuel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noah Feldman">Noah Feldman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Fisher_(anthropologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Helen Fisher (anthropologist)">Helen Fisher</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Flake" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Flournoy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michèle Flournoy">Michele Flournoy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Foer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Franklin Foer">Franklin Foer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_French_(political_commentator)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David French (political commentator)">David French</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Frum">David Frum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Furman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Galbraith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Galbraith">Peter Galbraith</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._George" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Gillespie">Nick Gillespie</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Harris-Perry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Melissa Harris-Perry">Melissa Harris-Perry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hockenberry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Hockenberry">John Hockenberry</a>, Matthew Hoh, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Margaret Hoover">Margaret Hoover</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arianna Huffington">Arianna Huffington</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarvis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeff Jarvis">Jeff Jarvis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Karine Jean-Pierre</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Jones" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Van Jones">Van Jones</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a>, Zeba Khan, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parag_Khanna" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parag Khanna">Parag Khanna</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kobach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kris Kobach">Kris Kobach</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kristol" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Kristol">William Kristol</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur Laffer">Arthur Laffer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernard-Henri Lévy">Bernard-Henri Lévy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bjørn Lomborg">Bjørn Lomborg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Lowry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rich Lowry">Rich Lowry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_(businessman)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Mackey (businessman)">John Mackey</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mangu-Ward" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Katherine Mangu-Ward">Katherine Mangu-Ward</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._McMaster" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="H. R. McMaster">HR McMaster</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_McNamee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roger McNamee">Roger McNamee</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWhorter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McWhorter">John H McWhorter</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Mearsheimer">John J. Mearsheimer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yascha_Mounk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yascha Mounk">Yascha Mounk</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambisa_Moyo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dambisa Moyo">Dambisa Moyo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_O%27Donnell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lawrence O'Donnell">Lawrence O'Donnell</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._O%27Rourke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="P. J. O'Rourke">P. J. O'Rourke</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rattner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steven Rattner">Steven Rattner</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Rosen_(legal_academic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeffrey Rosen (legal academic)">Jeffrey Rosen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nouriel Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Rubin_(columnist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jennifer Rubin (columnist)">Jennifer Rubin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Saltz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerry Saltz">Jerry Saltz</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Sanger" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David E. Sanger">David Sanger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietje_Schaake" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marietje Schaake">Marietje Schaake</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori_Schake" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kori Schake">Kori Schake</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Schell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orville Schell">Orville Schell</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schiff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Schiff">Peter Schiff</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Shriver" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bobby Shriver">Bobby Shriver</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Silverberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kristen Silverberg">Kristen Silverberg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Stephens" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bret Stephens">Bret Stephens</a>, Harry Stern, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Stern" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andy Stern">Andrew Stern</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stossel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Strossen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nadine Strossen">Nadine Strossen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Tett" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gillian Tett">Gillian Tett</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Tyson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laura Tyson">Laura Tyson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_vanden_Heuvel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Katrina vanden Heuvel">Katrina vanden Heuvel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randi_Weingarten" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Randi Weingarten">Randi Weingarten</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Weisberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacob Weisberg">Jacob Weisberg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einat_Wilf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Einat Wilf">Einat Wilf</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard Wolff</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wolpe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Wolpe">David Wolpe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zandi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark Zandi">Mark Zandi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Zittrain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonathan Zittrain">Jonathan Zittrain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoush_Zomorodi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manoush Zomorodi">Manoush Zomorodi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Zuckerman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mortimer Zuckerman">Mort Zuckerman</a>, and hundreds more.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guests_47-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_note-guests-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Becomes_Open_to_Debate_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530203617/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/intelligence-squared-us-is-becoming-open-to-debate-301792693.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared U.S. Becomes Open to Debate"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a></i>. 11 April 2023. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/intelligence-squared-us-is-becoming-open-to-debate-301792693.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Becomes+Open+to+Debate&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fintelligence-squared-us-is-becoming-open-to-debate-301792693.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-about_US-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-about_US_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-about_US_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095057/https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/about-iq2/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What is Open to Debate?"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://opentodebate.org/about/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.atitle=What+is+Open+to+Debate%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentodebate.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806145917/https://www.npr.org/series/6263392/intelligence-squared-u-s" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Open to Debate Radio Program"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wnyc.org/shows/iqus2" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 6 August 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Open+to+Debate+Radio+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fshows%2Fiqus2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095027/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/intelligence-squared-u-s-debates/id216713308" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Apple Podcasts Open to Debate"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apple Podcasts">Apple Podcasts</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/open-to-debate/id216713308" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Podcasts&rft.atitle=Apple+Podcasts+Open+to+Debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpodcasts.apple.com%2Fus%2Fpodcast%2Fopen-to-debate%2Fid216713308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-AI-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-AI_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-AI_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFAmer2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Amer, Pakinam (17 March 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812062517/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/ai-can-now-debate-with-humans-and-sometimes-convince-them-too/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"AI Can Now Debate with Humans and Sometimes Convince Them Too"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/ai-can-now-debate-with-humans-and-sometimes-convince-them-too/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=AI+Can+Now+Debate+with+Humans+and+Sometimes+Convince+Them+Too&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft.aulast=Amer&rft.aufirst=Pakinam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode%2Fai-can-now-debate-with-humans-and-sometimes-convince-them-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-earliest_NPR_archive-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-earliest_NPR_archive_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302082633/https://www.npr.org/2007/04/25/9801668/better-more-surveillance-than-another-9-11" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'Better More Surveillance than Another 9/11'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. 25 April 2007. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/04/25/9801668/better-more-surveillance-than-another-9-11" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Better+More+Surveillance+than+Another+9%2F11%27&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2007%2F04%2F25%2F9801668%2Fbetter-more-surveillance-than-another-9-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-bloomberg-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-bloomberg_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223119/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2011/02/16/440324/14749/en/America-s-House-Divided.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared Debates Examines America's Two-Party System"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobeNewswire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GlobeNewswire">GlobeNewswire</a></i>. February 16, 2011. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2011/02/16/440324/14749/en/America-s-House-Divided.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GlobeNewswire&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+Debates+Examines+America%27s+Two-Party+System&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globenewswire.com%2Fnews-release%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2F440324%2F14749%2Fen%2FAmerica-s-House-Divided.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022034701/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-09-18-Bloomberg-Television-Intelligence-Squared-US-Announce-Lineup-for-Debut-Thats-Debatable-Episode-October-9-at-7-00-PM" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bloomberg Television and Intelligence Squared U.S. Announce Lineup for Debut "That's Debatable" Episode"</a>. <i>IBM Newsroom</i>. September 18, 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-09-18-Bloomberg-Television-Intelligence-Squared-US-Announce-Lineup-for-Debut-Thats-Debatable-Episode-October-9-at-7-00-PM" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 22 October 2020.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Television+and+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Announce+Lineup+for+Debut+%E2%80%9CThat%E2%80%99s+Debatable%E2%80%9D+Episode&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ibm.com%2F2020-09-18-Bloomberg-Television-Intelligence-Squared-US-Announce-Lineup-for-Debut-Thats-Debatable-Episode-October-9-at-7-00-PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223118/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hdfj8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared Debate on George W. Bush's Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. January 19, 2009. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hdfj8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+Debate+on+George+W.+Bush%27s+Legacy&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00hdfj8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121200413/https://interactive.wttw.com/about/productions/wttw-national-productions/intelligence-squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"WTTW National Production Intelligence Squared"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTW" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WTTW">WTTW</a> PBS Station</i>. January 20, 2013. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://interactive.wttw.com/about/productions/wttw-national-productions/intelligence-squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 21 January 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WTTW+PBS+Station&rft.atitle=WTTW+National+Production+Intelligence+Squared&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractive.wttw.com%2Fabout%2Fproductions%2Fwttw-national-productions%2Fintelligence-squared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810152923/https://www.newsy.com/series/up-for-debate/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Up For Debate with Intelligence Squared U.S. and Newsy"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Newsy">Newsy</a></i>. October 15, 2017. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.newsy.com/series/up-for-debate/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsy&rft.atitle=Up+For+Debate+with+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+and+Newsy&rft.date=2017-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsy.com%2Fseries%2Fup-for-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120132423/https://www.c-span.org/organization/?65242/Intelligence-Squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared On the C-SPAN Networks"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/organization/?65242/Intelligence-Squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 20 January 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+On+the+C-SPAN+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Forganization%2F%3F65242%2FIntelligence-Squared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112192538/https://www.wondrium.com/collections/intelligence-squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared U.S. Collection on Wondrium"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondrium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wondrium">Wondrium</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wondrium.com/collections/intelligence-squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wondrium&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Collection+on+Wondrium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondrium.com%2Fcollections%2Fintelligence-squared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609043832/http://rosenkranzfdn.org/in-the-news/intelligence-squared/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"INTELLIGENCE SQUARED Philanthropy Roundtable"</a>. <i>The Rosenkranz Foundation</i>. 14 February 2007. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.rosenkranzfdn.org/in-the-news/intelligence-squared" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 9 June 2015.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rosenkranz+Foundation&rft.atitle=INTELLIGENCE+SQUARED+Philanthropy+Roundtable&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosenkranzfdn.org%2Fin-the-news%2Fintelligence-squared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-US_2006-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-US_2006_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115210229/http://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Mission statement for IQ2US"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 15 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.atitle=Mission+statement+for+IQ2US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligencesquaredus.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFKonigsberg2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Konigsberg, Eric (June 2, 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426224002/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/nyregion/02friends.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Hobby That's Part Party, Part Debate, All Intellect"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/nyregion/02friends.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Hobby+That%E2%80%99s+Part+Party%2C+Part+Debate%2C+All+Intellect&rft.date=2007-06-02&rft.aulast=Konigsberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F02%2Fnyregion%2F02friends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-sponsorships-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-sponsorships_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-sponsorships_17-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095029/https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/support-us/debate-sponsorships/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared U.S. Partners and Sponsors"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://opentodebate.org/about/get-involved/#partner_with_us" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 20 August 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Partners+and+Sponsors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentodebate.org%2Fabout%2Fget-involved%2F%23partner_with_us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-format-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-format_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-format_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729090130/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVmShH0-9xY" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Oxford-Style Debate, Explained</i></a>. Intelligence Squared. 12 July 2016. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVmShH0-9xY" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 29 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford-Style+Debate%2C+Explained&rft.pub=Intelligence+Squared&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxVmShH0-9xY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630142537/https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared U.S. All Debates"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+All+Debates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligencesquaredus.org%2Fdebates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223310/https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debate/unresolved-american-policing/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Unresolved: American Policing"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S</i>. 30 September 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debate/unresolved-american-policing/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.atitle=Unresolved%3A+American+Policing&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligencesquaredus.org%2Fdebate%2Funresolved-american-policing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/intelligence-squared-u.s.-presidential-debate-reform-change.org-petition" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared U.S. Advocates For Presidential Debate Reform with Petition"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Fire_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shore Fire Media">Shore Fire Media</a></i>. June 15, 2016. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710071123/https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/intelligence-squared-u.s.-presidential-debate-reform-change.org-petition" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2016.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shore+Fire+Media&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Advocates+For+Presidential+Debate+Reform+with+Petition&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshorefire.com%2Freleases%2Fentry%2Fintelligence-squared-u.s.-presidential-debate-reform-change.org-petition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qz2P4pzerPU" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>How To Fix America's Presidential Debates</i></a>. Intelligence Squared U.S. 14 June 2016. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qz2P4pzerPU" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022 – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Fix+America%27s+Presidential+Debates&rft.pub=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQz2P4pzerPU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002042015/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/queens/search/politics/2017/10/10/john-donvan-intelligence-squared-us-oxford-style-debate-format-ny1-mayoral-debate" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NY1 Online: A Higher Debate"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NY1">NY1 News</a></i>. October 9, 2017. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ny1.com/nyc/queens/search/politics/2017/10/10/john-donvan-intelligence-squared-us-oxford-style-debate-format-ny1-mayoral-debate" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2 October 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY1+News&rft.atitle=NY1+Online%3A+A+Higher+Debate&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ny1.com%2Fnyc%2Fqueens%2Fsearch%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F10%2F10%2Fjohn-donvan-intelligence-squared-us-oxford-style-debate-format-ny1-mayoral-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223122/https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/intelligence-squared-u.s.-co-sponsors-nycs-mayoral-democratic-primary-debat" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Squared U.S. Co-Sponsors NYC's Mayoral Democratic Primary Debate"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Fire_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shore Fire Media">Shore Fire Media</a></i>. August 16, 2017. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/intelligence-squared-u.s.-co-sponsors-nycs-mayoral-democratic-primary-debat" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shore+Fire+Media&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Co-Sponsors+NYC%27s+Mayoral+Democratic+Primary+Debate&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshorefire.com%2Freleases%2Fentry%2Fintelligence-squared-u.s.-co-sponsors-nycs-mayoral-democratic-primary-debat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918135742/https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2016/09/reform-debates-american-graduate-day-stuffed-love-harriet-tubman/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reform the Debates?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNET" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WNET">PBS Station Thirteen</a></i>. September 16, 2016. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2016/09/reform-debates-american-graduate-day-stuffed-love-harriet-tubman/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 18 September 2016.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Station+Thirteen&rft.atitle=Reform+the+Debates%3F&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fmetrofocus%2F2016%2F09%2Freform-debates-american-graduate-day-stuffed-love-harriet-tubman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFLepore2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Lepore" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jill Lepore">Lepore, Jill</a> (September 12, 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710205422/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/19/the-state-of-the-presidential-debate" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The State of the Presidential Debate"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/19/the-state-of-the-presidential-debate" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Presidential+Debate&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2016%2F09%2F19%2Fthe-state-of-the-presidential-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912201927/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2019/11/20/democratc-debate-format-ideas-072011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"10 Ideas to Blow Up the Presidential Debate Format"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. November 20, 2019. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2019/11/20/democratc-debate-format-ideas-072011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 12 September 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=10+Ideas+to+Blow+Up+the+Presidential+Debate+Format&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2019%2F11%2F20%2Fdemocratc-debate-format-ideas-072011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSmerconish2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Smerconish" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Smerconish">Smerconish, Michael</a> (30 July 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223118/https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/07/30/how-to-fix-the-presidential-debates.cnn" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"How to Fix the Presidential Debates with John Donovan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/07/30/how-to-fix-the-presidential-debates.cnn" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+to+Fix+the+Presidential+Debates+with+John+Donovan&rft.date=2016-07-30&rft.aulast=Smerconish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Ftv%2F2016%2F07%2F30%2Fhow-to-fix-the-presidential-debates.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002042730/https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/intelligence-squared-u.s.-announces-spring-season" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"How Debates Should Be: Intelligence Squared U.S. Announces Spring Season Tackling the Electoral College, the Two-Party System, Gene Editing, and Much More"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Fire_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shore Fire Media">Shore Fire Media</a></i>. December 11, 2019. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/intelligence-squared-u.s.-announces-spring-season" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shore+Fire+Media&rft.atitle=How+Debates+Should+Be%3A+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Announces+Spring+Season+Tackling+the+Electoral+College%2C+the+Two-Party+System%2C+Gene+Editing%2C+and+Much+More&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshorefire.com%2Freleases%2Fentry%2Fintelligence-squared-u.s.-announces-spring-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211123021/https://www.bloomberg.com/btv/series/thats-debatable" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bloomberg Television and Intelligence Squared U.S. Present That's Debatable"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a></i>. October 10, 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/btv/series/thats-debatable" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 11 February 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Television&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Television+and+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Present+That%27s+Debatable&rft.date=2020-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbtv%2Fseries%2Fthats-debatable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFRivero2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rivero, Nicolás (October 8, 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114070501/https://qz.com/1915223/what-would-a-trump-biden-virtual-presidential-debate-look-like/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What would a virtual presidential debate look like?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1915223/what-would-a-trump-biden-virtual-presidential-debate-look-like/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=What+would+a+virtual+presidential+debate+look+like%3F&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Rivero&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1915223%2Fwhat-would-a-trump-biden-virtual-presidential-debate-look-like%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Vox_News-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-Vox_News_32-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSamuel2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Samuel, Sigal (12 February 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213074544/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/2/12/18222392/artificial-intelligence-debate-ibm-san-francisco" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"An AI system competed against a human debate champion. Here's what happened"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/2/12/18222392/artificial-intelligence-debate-ibm-san-francisco" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 13 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=An+AI+system+competed+against+a+human+debate+champion.+Here%27s+what+happened.&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffuture-perfect%2F2019%2F2%2F12%2F18222392%2Fartificial-intelligence-debate-ibm-san-francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFIBM_Research_Editorial_Staff2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">IBM Research Editorial Staff (February 12, 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331074711/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/02/ai-debate-recap-think-2019/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Think 2019 Kicks Off with Live Debate Between Man and Machine"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/02/ai-debate-recap-think-2019/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM&rft.atitle=Think+2019+Kicks+Off+with+Live+Debate+Between+Man+and+Machine&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.au=IBM+Research+Editorial+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fblogs%2Fresearch%2F2019%2F02%2Fai-debate-recap-think-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002051557/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3u-1yttrVw" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Live Debate - IBM Project Debater</i></a>. Intelligence Squared U.S. 11 February 2019. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3u-1yttrVw" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live+Debate+-+IBM+Project+Debater&rft.pub=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dm3u-1yttrVw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715050710/https://www.voxmedia.com/about-vox-media/2020/5/5/21247897/epic-digital-documents-the-making-of-ibm-project-debater-the-first-ai-to-debate-a-human" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Epic Digital documents the making of IBM Project Debater: The first AI to debate a human"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a></i>. May 6, 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.voxmedia.com/about-vox-media/2020/5/5/21247897/epic-digital-documents-the-making-of-ibm-project-debater-the-first-ai-to-debate-a-human" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 15 July 2020.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Media&rft.atitle=Epic+Digital+documents+the+making+of+IBM+Project+Debater%3A+The+first+AI+to+debate+a+human&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxmedia.com%2Fabout-vox-media%2F2020%2F5%2F5%2F21247897%2Fepic-digital-documents-the-making-of-ibm-project-debater-the-first-ai-to-debate-a-human&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrant2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Grant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adam Grant">Grant, Adam</a> (2022). "5: Project Debater". <i>Think Again</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1984878106" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1984878106"><bdi>978-1984878106</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Project+Debater&rft.btitle=Think+Again&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1984878106&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916070225/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bloomberg-media-and-intelligence-squared-us-present-a-new-limited-debate-series-thats-debatable-hosted-by-award-winning-journalist-and-moderator-john-donvan-and-featuring-ai-from-ibm-watson-301123833.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bloomberg Media and Intelligence Squared U.S. present a new limited debate series "That's Debatable" hosted by Award-Winning Journalist and Moderator John Donvan and featuring AI from IBM Watson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a></i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg Media">Bloomberg Media</a>. September 3, 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bloomberg-media-and-intelligence-squared-us-present-a-new-limited-debate-series-thats-debatable-hosted-by-award-winning-journalist-and-moderator-john-donvan-and-featuring-ai-from-ibm-watson-301123833.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Media+and+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+present+a+new+limited+debate+series+%22That%27s+Debatable%22+hosted+by+Award-Winning+Journalist+and+Moderator+John+Donvan+and+featuring+AI+from+IBM+Watson&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fbloomberg-media-and-intelligence-squared-us-present-a-new-limited-debate-series-thats-debatable-hosted-by-award-winning-journalist-and-moderator-john-donvan-and-featuring-ai-from-ibm-watson-301123833.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFKahn2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kahn, Jeremy (9 October 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223118/https://fortune.com/2020/10/09/ibm-ai-advancements-bloomberg-thats-debatable-clinton-administration/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM showcases latest A.I. advancements on "That's Debatable" TV show"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2020/10/09/ibm-ai-advancements-bloomberg-thats-debatable-clinton-administration/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=IBM+showcases+latest+A.I.+advancements+on+%22That%27s+Debatable%22+TV+show&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2020%2F10%2F09%2Fibm-ai-advancements-bloomberg-thats-debatable-clinton-administration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHarringa2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harringa, Adam (September 20, 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026063311/https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinics-transform-2017-to-bring-together-health-care-leaders/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Mayo Clinic's Transform 2017 to bring together health care leaders"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinics-transform-2017-to-bring-together-health-care-leaders/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 October 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Mayo+Clinic%27s+Transform+2017+to+bring+together+health+care+leaders&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Harringa&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsnetwork.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiscussion%2Fmayo-clinics-transform-2017-to-bring-together-health-care-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701190258/https://www.gmfus.org/news/brussels-forum-2019-oxford-style-debate-moderated-intelligence-squared-s-john-donvan" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Brussels Forum 2019: Oxford-Style Debate Moderated by Intelligence Squared's John Donvan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Marshall_Fund" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Marshall Fund">German Marshall Fund</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.gmfus.org/news/brussels-forum-2019-oxford-style-debate-moderated-intelligence-squared-s-john-donvan" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 1 July 2023.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Marshall+Fund&rft.atitle=Brussels+Forum+2019%3A+Oxford-Style+Debate+Moderated+by+Intelligence+Squared%27s+John+Donvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmfus.org%2Fnews%2Fbrussels-forum-2019-oxford-style-debate-moderated-intelligence-squared-s-john-donvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426222942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVHnrGz42nw" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Brussels Forum 2020 // Intelligence Squared U.S. Debate: Nationalism Is a Force for Good</i></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Forum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brussels Forum">Brussels Forum</a>. 26 June 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVHnrGz42nw" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022 – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brussels+Forum+2020+%2F%2F+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+Debate%3A+Nationalism+Is+a+Force+for+Good&rft.pub=Brussels+Forum&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjVHnrGz42nw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923085230/https://www.law.northwestern.edu/student-life/events/minow-debates/2021/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"We Should Expand The Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_Pritzker_School_of_Law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law">Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law</a></i>. 30 September 2021. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.law.northwestern.edu/student-life/events/minow-debates/2021/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Pritzker+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=We+Should+Expand+The+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.northwestern.edu%2Fstudent-life%2Fevents%2Fminow-debates%2F2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002051446/https://techonomy.com/video/iq2-debate-silicon-valley-lost-soul/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IQ2 Debate: Silicon Valley Has Lost Its Soul"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techonomy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Techonomy">Techonomy</a></i>. November 19, 2018. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://techonomy.com/video/iq2-debate-silicon-valley-lost-soul/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2 October 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techonomy&rft.atitle=IQ2+Debate%3A+Silicon+Valley+Has+Lost+Its+Soul&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechonomy.com%2Fvideo%2Fiq2-debate-silicon-valley-lost-soul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027155522/http://robertrosenkranz.com/debate-introduction-where-should-you-live-and-why/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Debate: Where Should You Live, and Why?"</a>. <i>Rosenkranz Foundation</i>. January 15, 2015. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://robertrosenkranz.com/debate-introduction-where-should-you-live-and-why/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 27 October 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rosenkranz+Foundation&rft.atitle=Debate%3A+Where+Should+You+Live%2C+and+Why%3F&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobertrosenkranz.com%2Fdebate-introduction-where-should-you-live-and-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205132021/https://www.hoover.org/news/hoover-institution-fellows-feature-intelligence-squared-debate-about-how-deal-iran" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hoover Institution Fellows Feature In "Intelligence Squared" Debate About How To Deal With Iran"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></i>. March 4, 2020. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/news/hoover-institution-fellows-feature-intelligence-squared-debate-about-how-deal-iran" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 5 December 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Hoover+Institution+Fellows+Feature+In+%22Intelligence+Squared%22+Debate+About+How+To+Deal+With+Iran&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fnews%2Fhoover-institution-fellows-feature-intelligence-squared-debate-about-how-deal-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFEssa2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Essa, Antoinette (December 22, 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052118/https://www.wtvr.com/community/a-list-events/richmond-forum-to-bring-prominent-names-to-the-altria-theater" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Richmond Forum to bring prominent names to the Altria Theater"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVR-TV" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WTVR-TV">WTVR-TV</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wtvr.com/community/a-list-events/richmond-forum-to-bring-prominent-names-to-the-altria-theater" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 23 December 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WTVR-TV&rft.atitle=Richmond+Forum+to+bring+prominent+names+to+the+Altria+Theater&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.aulast=Essa&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtvr.com%2Fcommunity%2Fa-list-events%2Frichmond-forum-to-bring-prominent-names-to-the-altria-theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-guests-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-guests_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-guests_47-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095141/https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/about/debaters/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"All Debaters: The World's Greatest Minds Take To The IQ2US Stage"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://opentodebate.org/about/debaters/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 20 August 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.&rft.atitle=All+Debaters%3A+The+World%27s+Greatest+Minds+Take+To+The+IQ2US+Stage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentodebate.org%2Fabout%2Fdebaters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_to_Debate#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFCrook2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Crook" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clive Crook">Crook, Clive</a> (February 3, 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426223119/https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/i-gave-trump-a-chance-and-lost" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"I Gave Trump a Chance -- and Lost"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQ_Prime" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BQ Prime">BQ Prime</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/i-gave-trump-a-chance-and-lost" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BQ+Prime&rft.atitle=I+Gave+Trump+a+Chance+--+and+Lost&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergquint.com%2Fpolitics%2Fi-gave-trump-a-chance-and-lost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+to+Debate"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_to_Debate&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.opentodebate.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Official website</a></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/open-to-debate/id216713308" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Open to Debate Podcast on Apple</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1AbzWQIcnXKtDkV4Qw9UOY" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Open to debate Podcast on Spotify</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://intelligencesquaredus.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Intelligence Squared U.S. redirected website</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://intelligencesquared.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Intelligence Squared UK</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Debating" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Debating">Debating</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-profit_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Non-profit organizations based in the United States">Non-profit organizations based in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-36000240249786969852023-07-13T02:25:00.003-07:002023-07-13T02:25:59.174-07:00The Debater Project <p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">The following is of great importance in connection with Precision Universal Debate, or PUD. RS</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><br /></span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Project Debater</b> is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> project, designed to participate in a full live debate with expert human debaters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guardian_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-guardian-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloomberg_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-bloomberg-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-bbc-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc2_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-bbc2-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> It follows on from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Watson (computer)">Watson</a> project which played <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy!" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnet_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-cnet-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Debater&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Project Debater was developed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s lab in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnet_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-cnet-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> The project was proposed by Noam Slonim in 2011 as the IBM Research next Grand Challenge, following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a> and the victory of Watson in <i>Jeopardy!</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-verge_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-verge-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nyt_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-nyt-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> It was exposed for the first time in a closed media event at June 18, 2018, in San Francisco, under the leadership of Ranit Aharonov and Slonim, both from the IBM Research lab in Haifa, Israel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fastcompany_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-fastcompany-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The AI technology debated two human debaters, Noa Ovadia, who was the 2016 Israeli debate champion and Dan Zafrir. The two debated on the topics "We should subsidize space exploration"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-engadget_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-engadget-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> and "Should we increase the use of telemedicine."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-usatoday_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-usatoday-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A demonstration of Project Debater also aired on the Discovery Channel in June 2018 debating the question of whether sports gambling should be legalized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Live_Debate">Live Debate</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Debater&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Live Debate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">On February 11, 2019, Project Debater was revealed to the world in a live debate in San Francisco.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Nonpartisan media group <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Debates" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates">Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates</a> hosted the debate which was moderated by journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donvan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Donvan">John Donvan</a>. The debate took place between Project Debater and Harish Natarajan, who holds the world record in number of debate competition victories. The motion was “We should subsidize preschools.” <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vox_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-vox-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="That.27s_Debatable_Television_Show"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="That's_Debatable_Television_Show">That's Debatable Television Show</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Debater&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: That's Debatable Television Show">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Project Debater was featured in a television series called “That’s Debatable” presented by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Squared_U.S._Debates" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates">Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Media" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg Media">Bloomberg Media</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> For each episode of “That’s Debatable,” Project Debater provided insight into three distinct debate topics on the redistribution of wealth, modern monetary theory, and a US-China space race. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> More than 5,000 arguments were submitted online from around the world across the three topics, which were then analyzed and distilled into key points that were highlighted on the television show and discussed by human debaters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Artificial_Intelligence_Capabilities">Artificial Intelligence Capabilities</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Debater&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Artificial Intelligence Capabilities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">To develop Project Debater, the IBM Research team had to endow the system<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ibm_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-ibm-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> with the following AI capabilities:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Data-driven speech writing and delivery: Project Debater is the first demonstration of a computer that can digest massive corpora, and given a short description of a controversial topic, write a well-structured speech, and deliver it with clarity and purpose, while even incorporating humor where appropriate.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Listening comprehension: the ability to identify the key concepts and claims hidden within long continuous spoken language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-emnlp_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-emnlp-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Four minutes of persuasive speech: the guarantee of producing four minutes of persuasive speech.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-howitworks_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-howitworks-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Modeling human dilemmas: modeling the world of human controversy and dilemmas in a unique <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a>, enabling the system to suggest principled arguments as needed.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An article on the project was published in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in March 2021.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nature_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_note-nature-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Debater&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-guardian-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-guardian_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFSolon2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Solon, Olivia (2018-06-19). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/18/artificial-intelligence-ibm-debate-project-debater" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Man 1, machine 1: landmark debate between AI and humans ends in draw"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Guardian">the Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Man+1%2C+machine+1%3A+landmark+debate+between+AI+and+humans+ends+in+draw&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft.aulast=Solon&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2018%2Fjun%2F18%2Fartificial-intelligence-ibm-debate-project-debater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-bloomberg-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-bloomberg_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-19/ibm-s-debating-ai-is-here-to-convince-you-that-you-re-wrong" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM's Debating AI Is Here to Convince You That You're Wrong"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg.com">Bloomberg.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=IBM%27s+Debating+AI+Is+Here+to+Convince+You+That+You%27re+Wrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-06-19%2Fibm-s-debating-ai-is-here-to-convince-you-that-you-re-wrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-bbc-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-bbc_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/technology-44533627/ibm-project-debater-fights-corner-against-human-opponent" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The computer taking on humans in debate"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+computer+taking+on+humans+in+debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Ftechnology-44533627%2Fibm-project-debater-fights-corner-against-human-opponent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-bbc2-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-bbc2_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFLee2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lee, Dave (2018-06-19). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44531132" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM's machine argues with humans"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=IBM%27s+machine+argues+with+humans&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-44531132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-cnet-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-cnet_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-cnet_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/an-ibm-computer-debates-humans-and-wins-in-a-new-nuanced-competition/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM's got a computer that'll take on your debate team and maybe win. It's a new frontier for AI"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. 2018-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=IBM%27s+got+a+computer+that%27ll+take+on+your+debate+team+and+maybe+win.+It%27s+a+new+frontier+for+AI&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fan-ibm-computer-debates-humans-and-wins-in-a-new-nuanced-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-verge-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-verge_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/18/17477686/ibm-project-debater-ai" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What it's like to watch an IBM AI successfully debate humans"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=What+it%27s+like+to+watch+an+IBM+AI+successfully+debate+humans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F6%2F18%2F17477686%2Fibm-project-debater-ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-nyt-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-nyt_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMetzLohr2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Metz, Cade; Lohr, Steve (19 June 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/technology/ibm-debater-artificial-intelligence.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM Unveils System That 'Debates' With Humans"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=IBM+Unveils+System+That+%27Debates%27+With+Humans&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft.au=Lohr%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F18%2Ftechnology%2Fibm-debater-artificial-intelligence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-fastcompany-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-fastcompany_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMcCracken2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McCracken, Harry (20 June 2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/40585086/meet-the-ai-that-ibm-research-is-teaching-to-debate-human-beings" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Meet the AI that IBM Research is teaching to debate human beings"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">20 June</span>2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meet+the+AI+that+IBM+Research+is+teaching+to+debate+human+beings&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F40585086%2Fmeet-the-ai-that-ibm-research-is-teaching-to-debate-human-beings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-engadget-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-engadget_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/18/ibm-s-project-debater-is-an-ai-thats-ready-to-argue/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM's Project Debater is an AI that's ready to argue"</a>. <i>Engadget</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=IBM%27s+Project+Debater+is+an+AI+that%27s+ready+to+argue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2018%2F06%2F18%2Fibm-s-project-debater-is-an-ai-thats-ready-to-argue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-usatoday-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-usatoday_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/06/18/ibms-project-debater-uses-artificial-intelligence-debate-human/712353002/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM shows off an artificial intelligence that can debate a human – and do pretty well"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=IBM+shows+off+an+artificial+intelligence+that+can+debate+a+human+%E2%80%93+and+do+pretty+well&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftech%2F2018%2F06%2F18%2Fibms-project-debater-uses-artificial-intelligence-debate-human%2F712353002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery Channel. Progress in AI Research. June 2018. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/sc/ibm-ai-artificial-intelligence-project-debater-2018-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3u-1yttrVw" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Live Debate - IBM Project Debater"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S. YouTube Channel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+YouTube+Channel&rft.atitle=Live+Debate+-+IBM+Project+Debater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dm3u-1yttrVw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFIBM_Research_Editorial_Staff2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">IBM Research Editorial Staff (February 12, 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/02/ai-debate-recap-think-2019/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Think 2019 Kicks Off with Live Debate Between Man and Machine"</a>. <i>IBM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM&rft.atitle=Think+2019+Kicks+Off+with+Live+Debate+Between+Man+and+Machine&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.au=IBM+Research+Editorial+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fblogs%2Fresearch%2F2019%2F02%2Fai-debate-recap-think-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3u-1yttrVw" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Live Debate - IBM Project Debater"</a>. <i>Intelligence Squared U.S. YouTube Channel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+YouTube+Channel&rft.atitle=Live+Debate+-+IBM+Project+Debater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dm3u-1yttrVw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-vox-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-vox_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSamuel2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Samuel, Sigal (12 February 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/2/12/18222392/artificial-intelligence-debate-ibm-san-francisco" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"An AI system competed against a human debate champion. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">20 June</span>2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+AI+system+competed+against+a+human+debate+champion.+Here%27s+what+happened.&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffuture-perfect%2F2019%2F2%2F12%2F18222392%2Fartificial-intelligence-debate-ibm-san-francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bloomberg-media-and-intelligence-squared-us-present-a-new-limited-debate-series-thats-debatable-hosted-by-award-winning-journalist-and-moderator-john-donvan-and-featuring-ai-from-ibm-watson-301123833.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em;">"Bloomberg Media and Intelligence Squared U.S. present a new limited debate series "That's Debatable" hosted by Award-Winning Journalist and Moderator John Donvan and featuring AI from IBM Watson"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Media</i>. September 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Media&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Media+and+Intelligence+Squared+U.S.+present+a+new+limited+debate+series+%22That%27s+Debatable%22+hosted+by+Award-Winning+Journalist+and+Moderator+John+Donvan+and+featuring+AI+from+IBM+Watson&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fbloomberg-media-and-intelligence-squared-us-present-a-new-limited-debate-series-thats-debatable-hosted-by-award-winning-journalist-and-moderator-john-donvan-and-featuring-ai-from-ibm-watson-301123833.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/ai-can-now-debate-with-humans-and-sometimes-convince-them-too/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"AI Can Now Debate With Humans and Sometimes Convince Them Too"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=AI+Can+Now+Debate+With+Humans+and+Sometimes+Convince+Them+Too&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode%2Fai-can-now-debate-with-humans-and-sometimes-convince-them-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2020/10/09/ibm-ai-advancements-bloomberg-thats-debatable-clinton-administration/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"IBM showcases latest A.I. advancements on "That's Debatable" TV show"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=IBM+showcases+latest+A.I.+advancements+on+%22That%27s+Debatable%22+TV+show&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2020%2F10%2F09%2Fibm-ai-advancements-bloomberg-thats-debatable-clinton-administration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-ibm-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-ibm_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2018/06/ai-debate/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"AI Learns the Art of Debate with IBM Project Debater"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i>. 2016-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=AI+Learns+the+Art+of+Debate+with+IBM+Project+Debater&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fblogs%2Fresearch%2F2018%2F06%2Fai-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-emnlp-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-emnlp_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1078" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Listening Comprehension over Argumentative Content"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Listening+Comprehension+over+Argumentative+Content&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclweb.org%2Fanthology%2FD18-1078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-howitworks-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-howitworks_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.research.ibm.com/artificial-intelligence/project-debater/how-it-works/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"How it works - Project Debater - IBM Research AI"</a>. <i>research.ibm.com</i>. 5 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.ibm.com&rft.atitle=How+it+works+-+Project+Debater+-+IBM+Research+AI&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fartificial-intelligence%2Fproject-debater%2Fhow-it-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-nature-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Debater#cite_ref-nature_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For commentary see: <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFReed2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Reed, Chris (March 2021). "Argument technology for debating with humans". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>591</b> (7850): 373–374. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.591..373R" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2021Natur.591..373R</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00539-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/d41586-021-00539-5</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33731943" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">33731943</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Argument+technology+for+debating+with+humans&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=7850&rft.pages=373-374&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33731943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00539-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.591..373R&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-021-00539-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Debater"></span> The original article is: <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSlonimBiluAlzateBar-Haim2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Slonim, Noam; Bilu, Yonatan; Alzate, Carlos; Bar-Haim, Roy; Bogin, Ben; Bonin, Francesca; Choshen, Leshem; Cohen-Karlik, Edo; Dankin, Lena; Edelstein, Lilach (March 2021). "An autonomous debating system". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>591</b> (7850): 379–384. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.591..379S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2021Natur.591..379S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1038/s41586-02</cite></span></li></ol><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-nature-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="reference-text"><div aria-labelledby="Differentiable_computing" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><br /><br /></div></span></li><li id="cite_note-nature-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"></cite></span></li></ol></div></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-67634089275782070052023-07-08T05:46:00.001-07:002023-07-08T05:46:54.459-07:00Oversimplification<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">he</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">fallacy of the single cause</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, also known as</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">complex cause</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">causal oversimplification</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">causal reductionism</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">reduction fallacy</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Causal_Reductionism_2-0" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause#cite_note-Causal_Reductionism-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is an</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionable_cause" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Questionable cause">questionable cause</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">that occurs when it is assumed that there is a single, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufficient_causes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufficient causes">sufficient causes</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></p><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Fallacy of the single cause can be logically reduced to: "X caused Y; therefore, X was the only cause of Y" (although A,B,C...etc. also contributed to Y.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Causal_Reductionism_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause#cite_note-Causal_Reductionism-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Causal <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oversimplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:oversimplification">oversimplification</a> is a specific kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="False dilemma">false dilemma</a> where conjoint possibilities are ignored. In other words, the possible causes are assumed to be "A xor B xor C" when "A and B and C" or "A and B and not C" (etc.) are not taken into consideration; i.e. the "or" is not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or#Exclusive_or_in_natural_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exclusive or">exclusive</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallacy_of_the_single_cause&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Affirming a disjunct">Affirming a disjunct</a> – Formal fallacy</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a> – A view that every entity has identifying attributes</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal fallacy">Formal fallacy</a>, also known as non sequitur (logic) – Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_to_conclusions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jumping to conclusions">Jumping to conclusions</a> – Psychological term</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdetermination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Overdetermination">Overdetermination</a> – When a single effect has multiple sufficient causes</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proximate and ultimate causation">Proximate and ultimate causation</a> – Event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spurious relationship">Spurious relationship</a> – Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallacy_of_the_single_cause&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.casino.org/blog/the-oversimplification-fallacy/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"R. Paul Wilson On: The Oversimplification Fallacy"</a>. <i>Casino.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casino.org&rft.atitle=R.+Paul+Wilson+On%3A+The+Oversimplification+Fallacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casino.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-oversimplification-fallacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallacy+of+the+single+cause"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Causal_Reductionism-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause#cite_ref-Causal_Reductionism_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_the_single_cause#cite_ref-Causal_Reductionism_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.logicallyfallacious.com/index.php/logical-fallacies/65-causal-reductionism" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Causal Reductionism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Causal+Reductionism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logicallyfallacious.com%2Findex.php%2Flogical-fallacies%2F65-causal-reductionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallacy+of+the+single+cause"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Common_fallacies_(list)" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 952px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; 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margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><br /></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><br /></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><b style="font-size: calc(0.875em);">The theory of descriptions</b><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> </span><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);">(commonly abbreviated as</span><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> </span><b style="font-size: calc(0.875em);">RTD</b><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);">). In short, Russell argued that the</span><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: calc(0.875em); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntactic">syntactic</a><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> </span><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);">form of descriptions (phrases that took the form of "The aardvark" and "An aardvark") is misleading, as it does not correlate their logical</span></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> and/or</span><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: calc(0.875em); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic">semantic</a><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> </span><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);">architecture. While descriptions may seem fairly uncontroversial phrases, Russell argued that providing a satisfactory</span></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> analysis of the linguistic and logical properties of a description is vital to clarity in important philosophical debates, particularly in</span></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><span style="font-size: calc(0.875em);"> semantic arguments, epistemology and metaphysical elements.</span></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Since the first development of the theory in Russell's 1905 paper "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Denoting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>", RTD has been hugely influential and well-received within the philosophy of language. However, it has not been without its critics. In particular, the philosophers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Donnellan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</a> have given notable, well known criticisms of the theory. Most recently, RTD has been defended by various philosophers and even developed in promising ways to bring it into harmony with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s sense, particularly by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Neale" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Neale">Stephen Neale</a>. Such developments have themselves been criticised, and debate continues.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Russell viewed his theory of descriptions as a kind of analysis that is now called <b>propositional analysis</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> (not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Propositional calculus">propositional calculus</a>).</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions was initially put forth in his 1905 essay "On Denoting", published in the journal of philosophy <i>Mind</i>. Russell's theory is focused on the logical form of expressions involving denoting phrases, which he divides into three groups:</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Denoting phrases which do not denote anything, for example "the current Emperor of Kentucky".</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Phrases which denote one definite object, for example "the present President of the U.S.A." We need not know which object the phrase refers to for it to be unambiguous, for example "the cutest kitten" is a unique individual but his or her actual identity is unknown.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Phrases which denote ambiguously, for example, "an Aardvark".</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><i>Indefinite descriptions</i> constitute Russell's third group. Descriptions most frequently appear in the standard subject–predicate form.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Russell put forward his theory of descriptions to solve a number of problems in the philosophy of language. The two major problems are (1) co-referring expressions and (2) non-referring expressions.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The problem of co-referring expressions originated primarily with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> as the problem of informative identities. For example, if the morning star and the evening star are the same planet in the sky seen at different times of day (indeed, they are both the planet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Venus">Venus</a>: the morning star is the planet Venus seen in the morning sky and the evening star is the planet Venus seen in the evening sky), how is it that someone can think that the morning star rises in the morning but the evening star does not? This is apparently problematic because although the two expressions seem to denote the same thing, one cannot substitute one for the other, which one ought to be able to do with identical or synonymous expressions.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The problem of non-referring expressions is that certain expressions that are meaningful do not truly refer to anything. For example, by "any dog is annoying" it is not meant that there is a particular individual dog, namely <i>any dog</i>, that has the property of being annoying (similar considerations go for "some dog", "every dog", "a dog", and so on). Likewise, by "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray" it is not meant that there is some individual, namely <i>the current Emperor of Kentucky </i>, who has the property of being gray; Kentucky was never a monarchy, so there is currently no Emperor. Thus, what Russell wants to avoid is admitting mysterious <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-existent_object" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Non-existent object">non-existent objects</a> into his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ontology">ontology</a>. Furthermore, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_excluded_middle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Law of the excluded middle">law of the excluded middle</a> requires that one of the following propositions, for example, must be true: either "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray" or "it is not the case that the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray". Normally, propositions of the subject-predicate form are said to be true if and only if the subject is in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extension (semantics)">extension</a> of the predicate. But, there is currently no Emperor of Kentucky. So, since the subject does not exist, it is not in the extension of either predicate (it is not on the list of gray people or non-gray people). Thus, it appears that this is a case in which the law of excluded middle is violated, which is also an indication that something has gone wrong.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Definite_descriptions">Definite descriptions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Definite descriptions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Definite description">Definite description</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Russell analyzes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Definite description">definite descriptions</a> similarly to indefinite descriptions, except that the individual is now uniquely specified. Take as an example of a definite description the sentence "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray". Russell analyses this phrase into the following component parts (with 'x' and 'y' representing variables):</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">there is an x such that x is an emperor of Kentucky.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">for every x and every y, if both x and y are emperors of Kentucky, then y is x (i.e. there is at most one emperor of Kentucky).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">anything that is an emperor of Kentucky is gray.</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Thus, a definite description (of the general form 'the F is G') becomes the following existentially quantified phrase in classic symbolic logic (where 'x' and 'y' are variables and 'F' and 'G' are predicates – in the example above, F would be "is an emperor of Kentucky", and G would be "is gray"):</p><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \exists x((Fx\land \forall y(Fy\rightarrow x=y)\land Gx)}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exists x((Fx\land \forall y(Fy\rightarrow x=y)\land Gx)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \exists x((Fx\land \forall y(Fy\rightarrow x=y)\land Gx)}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a692e85c8deea41547447fa7a45aaa92a712f6d9" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 33.079ex;" /></span></dd></dl><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Informally, this reads as follows: something exists with the property F, there is only one such thing, and this unique thing also has the property G.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This analysis, according to Russell, solves the two problems noted above as related to definite descriptions:</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"The morning star rises in the morning" no longer needs to be thought of as having the subject-predicate form. It is instead analysed as "there is one unique thing such that it is the morning star and it rises in the morning". Thus, strictly speaking, the two expressions "the morning star..." and "the evening star..." are not synonymous, so it makes sense that they cannot be substituted (the analysed description of the evening star is "there is one unique thing such that it is the evening star and it rises in the evening"). This solves <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>'s problem of informative identities.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Since the phrase "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray" is not a referring expression, according to Russell's theory it need not refer to a mysterious non-existent entity. Russell says that if there are no entities X with property F, the proposition "X has property G" is false for <i>all</i> values of X.</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Russell says that all propositions in which the Emperor of Kentucky has a primary occurrence are false. The denials of such propositions are true, but in these cases the Emperor of Kentucky has a secondary occurrence (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Truth value">truth value</a> of the proposition is not a function of the truth of the existence of the Emperor of Kentucky).</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Indefinite_descriptions">Indefinite descriptions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Indefinite descriptions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Take as an example of an <b>indefinite description</b> the sentence "some dog is annoying". Russell analyses this phrase into the following component parts (with 'x' and 'y' representing variables):</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">There is an x such that:</li></ul><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">x is a dog; and</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">x is being annoying.</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Thus, an indefinite description (of the general form 'a D is A') becomes the following existentially quantified phrase in classic symbolic logic (where 'x' and 'y' are variables and 'D' and 'A' are predicates):</p><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \exists x(Dx\land Ax)}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exists x(Dx\land Ax)}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \exists x(Dx\land Ax)}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9871c2510cdc8a2c390f8040590e83b383a025b9" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 13.341ex;" /></span></dd></dl><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Informally, this reads as follows: there is something such that it is D and A.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This analysis, according to Russell, solves the second problem noted above as related to indefinite descriptions. Since the phrase "some dog is annoying" is not a referring expression, according to Russell's theory, it need not refer to a mysterious non-existent entity. Furthermore, the law of excluded middle need not be violated (i.e. it remains a law), because "some dog is annoying" comes out true: there is a thing that is both a dog and annoying. Thus, Russell's theory seems to be a better analysis insofar as it solves several problems.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Criticism_of_Russell.27s_analysis"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_Russell's_analysis">Criticism of Russell's analysis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Criticism of Russell's analysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="P._F._Strawson">P. F. Strawson</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: P. F. Strawson">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a> argued that Russell had failed to correctly represent what one means when one says a sentence in the form of "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray." According to Strawson, this sentence is not contradicted by "No one is the current Emperor of Kentucky", for the former sentence contains not an existential assertion, but attempts to <i>use</i> "the current Emperor of Kentucky" as a referring (or denoting) phrase. Since there is no current Emperor of Kentucky, the phrase fails to refer to anything, and so the sentence is neither true nor false.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another kind of counter-example that Strawson and philosophers since have raised concerns that of "incomplete" definite descriptions, that is sentences which have the form of a definite description but which do not uniquely denote an object. Strawson gives the example "the table is covered with books". Under Russell's theory, for such a sentence to be true there would have to be only one table in all of existence. But by uttering a phrase such as "the table is covered with books", the speaker is referring to a particular table: for instance, one that is in the vicinity of the speaker. Two broad responses have been constructed to this failure: a semantic and a pragmatic approach. The semantic approach of philosophers like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Neale" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Neale">Stephen Neale</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> suggests that the sentence does in fact have the appropriate meaning as to make it true. Such meaning is added to the sentence by the particular context of the speaker—that, say, the context of standing next to a table "completes" the sentence. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Lepore" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ernie Lepore">Ernie Lepore</a> suggests that this approach treats "definite descriptions as harboring hidden indexical expressions, so that whatever descriptive meaning alone leaves unfinished its context of use can complete".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lepore_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-Lepore-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Pragmatist responses deny this intuition and say instead that the sentence itself, following Russell's analysis, is not true but that the act of uttering the false sentence communicated true information to the listener.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Keith_Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Keith Donnellan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Donnellan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</a>, there are two distinct ways we may use a definite description such as "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray", and thus makes his distinction between the referential and the attributive use of a definite description. He argues that both Russell and Strawson make the mistake of attempting to analyse sentences removed from their context. We can mean different and distinct things while using the same sentence in different situations.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">For example, suppose Smith has been brutally murdered. When the person who discovers Smith's body says, "Smith's murderer is insane", we may understand this as the attributive use of the definite description "Smith's murderer", and analyse the sentence according to Russell. This is because the discoverer might equivalently have worded the assertion, "Whoever killed Smith is insane." Now consider another speaker: suppose Jones, though innocent, has been arrested for the murder of Smith, and is now on trial. When a reporter sees Jones talking to himself outside the courtroom, and describes what she sees by saying, "Smith's murderer is insane", we may understand this as the referring use of the definite description, for we may equivalently reword the reporter's assertion thus: "That person who I see talking to himself, and who I believe murdered Smith, is insane." In this case, we should not accept Russell's analysis as correctly representing the reporter's assertion. On Russell's analysis, the sentence is to be understood as an existential quantification of the conjunction of three components:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">There is an x such that:</li></ul><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">x murdered Smith;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">there is no y, y not equal x, such that y murdered Smith; and</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">x is insane.</li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">If this analysis of the reporter's assertion were correct, then since Jones is innocent, we should take her to mean what the discoverer of Smith's body meant, that whoever murdered Smith is insane. We should then take her observation of Jones talking to himself to be irrelevant to the truth of her assertion. This clearly misses her point.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Thus the same sentence, "Smith's murderer is insane", can be used to mean quite different things in different contexts. There are, accordingly, contexts in which "the current Emperor of Kentucky is not gray" is false because no one is the current Emperor of Kentucky, and contexts in which it is a sentence referring to a person whom the speaker takes to be the current Emperor of Kentucky, true or false according to the hair of the pretender.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Saul_Kripke">Saul Kripke</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Saul Kripke">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <i>Reference and Existence</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a> argues that while Donnellan is correct to point out two uses of the phrase, it does not follow that the phrase is ambiguous between two meanings. For example, when the reporter <i>finds out</i> that Jones, the person she has been calling <i>Smith's murderer</i> did not murder Smith, she will admit that her use of the name was incorrect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page / location: 422–423">: 422–423 </span></sup> Kripke defends Russell's analysis of definite descriptions, and argues that Donnellan does not adequately distinguish meaning from use, or, speaker's meaning from sentence meaning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellian_view" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russellian view">Russellian view</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Hochberg, <i>Introducing Analytic Philosophy</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p. 107.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Langkau, Christian Nimtz (eds.), <i>New Perspectives on Concepts</i>, Rodopi, 2010, p. 236.</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeale1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Neale, Stephen (1990). <i>Descriptions</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262140454" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0262140454"><bdi>0262140454</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptions&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0262140454&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+descriptions"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lepore-4" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-Lepore_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLepore2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lepore, Ernie (2004). "Abuse of Context in Semantics". In Reimer, Marga; Bezuidenhout, Anne (eds.). <i>Descriptions and Beyond</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019927052X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/019927052X"><bdi>019927052X</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abuse+of+Context+in+Semantics&rft.btitle=Descriptions+and+Beyond&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=019927052X&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+descriptions"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book contains Kripke's previously unpublished <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke_Lectures" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Locke Lectures">John Locke Lectures</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in 1973.</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reimer, M., & Bezuidenhout, A., eds., <i>Descriptions and Beyond</i> (Oxford: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press#Clarendon_Press" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon</a>, 2004), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGIJwHyYdiEC&pg=PA422" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">pp. 422–423</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Salmon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nathan Salmon">Salmon, N. U.</a>, <i>Metaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning</i> (Oxford: Clarendon, 2005), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pB905Kbl3IC&pg=PA295" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">p. 295</a>.</span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References and further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bertolet, Rod. (1999). "Theory of Descriptions", <i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i>, second edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Donnellan, Keith. (1966). "Reference and Definite Descriptions", <i>Philosophical Review</i>, 75, pp. 281–304.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kripke, Saul. (1977). "Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference", <i>Midwest Studies in Philosophy</i>, 2, pp. 255–276.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ludlow, Peter. (2005). "Descriptions", <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, E. Zalta (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/descriptions/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Online text</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Neale, Stephen (1990). <i>Descriptions</i> Bradford, MIT Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Neale, Stephen (2005). "A Century Later", <i>Mind</i> 114, pp. 809–871.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ostertag, Gary (ed.). (1998) <i>Definite Descriptions: A Reader</i> Bradford, MIT Press. (Includes Donnellan (1966), Kripke (1977), Chapter 3 of Neale (1990), Russell (1905), Chapter 16 of Russell (1919). and Strawson (1950).)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Russell, Bertrand. (1905). "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Denoting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>", <i>Mind</i> 14, pp. 479–493. Online at <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Denoting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:On Denoting">Wikisource</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/anglica/Chronology/20thC/Russell/rus_deno.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Augsburg University of Applied Sciences</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Russell, Bertrand. (1919). <i>Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</i>, London: George Allen and Unwin.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Strawson, P. F. (1950). "On Referring", <i>Mind</i> 59, pp. 320–344.</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_descriptions&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); 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color: #202122; contain: paint; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: columnEnd / columnEnd / columnEnd / columnEnd; overflow-anchor: none;"></div><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); grid-area: content / content / content / content; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="overflow: hidden;"><div class="mw-indicators" style="column-gap: 10px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; float: right; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">For the branch of computer science, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics (computer science)</a>. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics (disambiguation)">Semantics (disambiguation)</a>.</div><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(153, 50, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 96px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="60" decoding="async" height="17" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article should be <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into multiple articles. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Semantics#Proposal_to_split_this_article_up" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talk:Semantics">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 19em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(250, 250, 250); font-size: 17.864px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.8em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Semantics</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255); font-size: 12.936px; padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Linguistic</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Formal semantics (logic)">Logical</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; clear: none; float: none; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 219px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Computational semantics">Computational</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lexis (linguistics)">lexis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lexicology">lexicology</a>)</li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Statistical semantics">Statistical</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Structural semantics">Structural</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic analysis (linguistics)">Analysis</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Compositionality">Compositionality</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Context (language use)">Context (language use)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Prototype theory">Prototype theory</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_dynamics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Force dynamics">Force dynamics</a></li></ul></div></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of unsolved problems in linguistics">Unsolved linguistics problems</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_gap" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic gap">Semantic gap</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Analysis</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Machine-learning</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Applications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_file_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic file system">Semantic file system</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_matching" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_parsing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_query" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic query">Semantic query</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_wiki" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255); font-size: 12.936px; padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics of<br />programming languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; clear: none; float: none; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 219px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Action semantics">Action</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_semantics_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Algebraic semantics (computer science)">Algebraic</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Axiomatic semantics">Axiomatic</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Categorical logic">Categorical</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Concurrency semantics">Concurrency</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Denotational semantics">Denotational</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Game semantics">Game</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Operational semantics">Operational</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Predicate transformer semantics">Predicate transformational</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Abstract interpretation">Abstract interpretation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_semantic_graph" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Abstract semantic graph">Abstract semantic graph</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255); font-weight: bold; padding: 0.3em 0.8em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Language">Language</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Semantics"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Semantics"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Semantics&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Semantics</b> (from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i></i><span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σημαντικός">σημαντικός</a></span><i> (<span lang="grc-Latn" title="Ancient Greek transliteration"><i>sēmantikós</i></span>)</i> 'significant')<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> is the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference">reference</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meaning (philosophy)">meaning</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Truth">truth</a>. The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In English, the study of meaning in language has been known by many names that involve the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%E1%BF%86%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σῆμα">σῆμα</a></span> (<i>sema</i>, "sign, mark, token").</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1690, a Greek rendering of the term <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></i>, the interpretation of signs and symbols, finds an early allusion in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">The third Branch may be called <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σημειωτική">σηµιωτικὴ</a></span> [<i>simeiotikí</i>, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>"], or the Doctrine of Signs, the most usual whereof being words, it is aptly enough termed also <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BD%B4#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:λογικὴ">λογικὴ</a></span>, Logick.</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1831, the term <i lang="en"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sematology#English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:sematology">sematology</a></i> is suggested for the third branch of division of knowledge akin to Locke; the "signs of our knowledge".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-walker1948_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-walker1948-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1857, the term <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semasiology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semasiology">semasiology</a></i> (borrowed from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German language">German</a> <i>Semasiologie</i>) is attested in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_Sr." style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr.">Josiah W. Gibbs</a>' <i>Philological studies with English illustrations</i>:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">The development of intellectual and moral ideas from physical, constitutes an important part of <i>semasiology</i>, or that branch of grammar which treats of the development of the meaning of words. It is built on the analogy and correlation of the physical and intellectual worlds.</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1893, the term <i>semantics</i> is used to translate French <i>sémantique</i> as used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Br%C3%A9al" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michel Bréal">Michel Bréal</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Some years later, in <i>Essai de Sémantique</i>, Bréal writes:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">What I have tried to do is to draw some broad lines, to mark some divisions and as a provisional plan on a field not yet exploited, and which requires the combined work of several generations of linguists. I therefore ask the reader to consider this book as a simple Introduction to the science I have proposed to call <i>Semantics</i>. [In footnote:] <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σημαντική">Σημαντικὴ</a></span> <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:τέχνη">τέχνη</a></span>, the science of <span lang="en"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/signification#English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:signification">significations</a></span> [i.e., what it means], from the verb <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σημαίνω">σημαίνω</a></span> "to signify", as opposed to <i>Phonetics</i>, the science of sounds [i.e., what it sounds like].</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1922, the concept of semantics is attested in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> amidst a group of scholars in Poland including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Chwistek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leon Chwistek">Leon Chwistek</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Le%C5%9Bniewski" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanisław Leśniewski">Leśniewski</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Łukasiewicz</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Kotarbi%C5%84ski" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tadeusz Kotarbiński">Kotarbinski</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Ajdukiewicz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz">Adjukiewicz</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred Tarski">Tarski</a>. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Walker_Read" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Walker Read">Allen Walker Read</a>, they had been influenced by French culture; moreover, later, their work influenced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred Korzybski">Alfred Korzybski</a>'s usage of the term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-walker1948_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-walker1948-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 1960s, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics for programming languages</a> is attested in publications by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hoare" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a>, later termed <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axiomatic semantics">axiomatic semantics</a></i>; its chief application is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal verification">formal verification</a> of computer programs. Some years later, the terms <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Operational semantics">operational semantics</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denotational semantics">denotational semantics</a></i> emerged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Floyd, in the lead to his 1967 paper <i>Assigning meanings to programs</i>, writes:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">A semantic definition of a programming language, in our approach, is founded on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntactic</a> definition. It must specify which of the phrases in a syntactically correct program represent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(computing)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Command (computing)">commands</a>, and what <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conditional (computer programming)">conditions</a> must be imposed on an interpretation in the neighborhood of each command.</p></blockquote><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistics">Linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, semantics is the subfield that studies meaning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Partee1999_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Partee1999-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> Semantics can address meaning at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, or larger units of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discourse">discourse</a>. Two of the fundamental issues in the field of semantics are that of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compositionality">compositional semantics</a> (which pertains on how smaller parts, like words, combine and interact to form the meaning of larger expressions, such as sentences) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical semantics">lexical semantics</a> (the nature of the meaning of words).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Partee1999_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Partee1999-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> Other prominent issues are those of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Context (language use)">context</a> and its role on interpretation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaque_context" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Opaque context">opaque contexts</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagueness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vagueness">vagueness</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entailment_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Entailment (linguistics)">entailment</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Presupposition">presuppositions</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Partee1999_11-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Partee1999-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Several disciplines and approaches have contributed to the often-contentious field of semantics. One of the crucial questions which unites different approaches to linguistic semantics is that of the relationship between form and meaning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Some major contributions to the study of semantics have derived from studies in the 1980–1990s in related subjects of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax–semantics interface">syntax–semantics interface</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Partee1999_11-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Partee1999-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The semantic level of language interacts with other modules or levels (like syntax) in which language is traditionally divided. In linguistics, it is typical to talk in terms of "interfaces" regarding such interactions between modules or levels. For semantics, the most crucial interfaces are considered those with syntax (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax–semantics interface">syntax–semantics interface</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonology">phonology</a> (regarding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Partee1999_11-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Partee1999-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Disciplines_and_paradigms_in_linguistic_semantics">Disciplines and paradigms in linguistic semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Disciplines and paradigms in linguistic semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Formal_semantics">Formal semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Formal semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics (linguistics)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Formal semantics seeks to identify <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Domain-specific">domain-specific</a> mental operations which speakers perform when they compute a sentence's meaning on the basis of its syntactic structure. Theories of formal semantics are typically floated on top of theories of syntax, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative syntax">generative syntax</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatory_categorial_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">combinatory categorial grammar</a>, and provided a model theory based on mathematical tools, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typed_lambda_calculi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Typed lambda calculi">typed lambda calculi</a>. The field's central ideas are rooted in early twentieth century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophical logic">philosophical logic</a>, as well as later ideas about linguistic syntax. It emerged as its own subfield in the 1970s after the pioneering work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montague" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Montague">Richard Montague</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Partee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barbara Partee">Barbara Partee</a> and continues to be an active area of research.</p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Conceptual_semantics">Conceptual semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Conceptual semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conceptual semantics">Conceptual semantics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This theory is an effort to explain properties of argument structure. The assumption behind this theory is that syntactic properties of phrases reflect the meanings of the words that head them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Levin,_Beth_1991_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Levin,_Beth_1991-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> With this theory, linguists can better deal with the fact that subtle differences in word meaning correlate with other differences in the syntactic structure that the word appears in.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Levin,_Beth_1991_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Levin,_Beth_1991-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> The way this is gone about is by looking at the internal structure of words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> These small parts that make up the internal structure of words are termed <i>semantic primitives</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cognitive_semantics">Cognitive semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Cognitive semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Cognitive semantics approaches meaning from the perspective of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a>. In this framework, language is explained via general human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognition">cognitive abilities</a> rather than a domain-specific language module. The techniques native to cognitive semantics are typically used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexicology">lexical</a> studies such as those put forth by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Talmy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leonard Talmy">Leonard Talmy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Geeraerts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dirk Geeraerts">Dirk Geeraerts</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wayne_Hawkins" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruce Wayne Hawkins">Bruce Wayne Hawkins</a>. Some cognitive semantic frameworks, such as that developed by Talmy, take into account syntactic structures as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Lexical_semantics">Lexical semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Lexical semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A linguistic theory that investigates word meaning. This theory understands that the meaning of a word is fully reflected by its <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Context (language use)">context</a>. Here, the meaning of a word is constituted by its contextual relations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cruse,_D._1986_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Cruse,_D._1986-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> Therefore, a distinction between degrees of participation as well as modes of participation are made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cruse,_D._1986_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Cruse,_D._1986-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> In order to accomplish this distinction, any part of a sentence that bears a meaning and combines with the meanings of other constituents is labeled as a semantic constituent. Semantic constituents that cannot be broken down into more elementary constituents are labeled minimal semantic constituents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cruse,_D._1986_16-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Cruse,_D._1986-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cross-cultural_semantics">Cross-cultural semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Cross-cultural semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Various fields or disciplines have long been contributing to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cross-cultural communication">cross-cultural</a> semantics. Are words like <i>love</i>, <i>truth</i>, and <i>hate</i> universals?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> Is even the word <i>sense</i> – so central to semantics – a universal, or a concept entrenched in a long-standing but culture-specific tradition?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> These are the kind of crucial questions that are discussed in cross-cultural semantics. Translation theory, ethnolinguistics, linguistic anthropology and cultural linguistics specialize in the field of comparing, contrasting, and translating words, terms and meanings from one language to another (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Herder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J. G. Herder">J. G. Herder</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._L._Whorf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="B. L. Whorf">B. L. Whorf</a>). Philosophy, sociology, and anthropology have long established traditions in contrasting the different nuances of the terms and concepts we use. Online encyclopaedias such as the <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>and Wikipedia itself have greatly facilitated the possibilities of comparing the background and usages of key cultural terms. In recent years, the question of whether key terms are translatable or untranslatable has increasingly come to the fore of global discussions, especially since the publication of Barbara Cassin's <i>Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon</i>, in 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Computational_semantics">Computational semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Computational semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Computational semantics is focused on the processing of linguistic meaning. In order to do this, concrete algorithms and architectures are described. Within this framework the algorithms and architectures are also analyzed in terms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_problem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Decision problem">decidability</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time/space_complexity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time/space complexity">time/space complexity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data structure">data structures</a> that they require and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of reference">Theory of reference</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning (philosophy of language)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many of the formal approaches to semantics in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a> originated in early twentieth century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophical logic">philosophical logic</a>. Initially, the most influential semantic theory stemmed from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. Frege and Russell are seen as the originators of a tradition in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> to explain meaning <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compositionality">compositionally</a> via syntax and mathematical functionality. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, a former student of Russell, is also seen as one of the seminal figures in the analytic tradition. All three of these early philosophers of language were concerned with how sentences expressed information in the form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proposition">propositions</a>. They also dealt with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_values" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Truth values">truth values</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_conditions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Truth conditions">truth conditions</a> a given sentence has in virtue of the proposition it expresses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In present day philosophy, the term "semantics" is often used to refer to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">linguistic formal semantics</a>, which bridges both linguistics and philosophy. There is also an active tradition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasemantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metasemantics">metasemantics</a>, which studies the foundations of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language">natural language</a> semantics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_science">Computer science</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Computer science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics (computer science)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, the term <i>semantics</i> refers to the meaning of language constructs, as opposed to their form (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(logic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax (logic)">syntax</a>). According to Euzenat, semantics "provides the rules for interpreting the syntax which do not provide the meaning directly but constrains the possible interpretations of what is declared".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Programming languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The semantics of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> and other languages is an important issue and area of study in computer science. Like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of a language, its semantics can be defined exactly.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">For instance, the following statements use different syntaxes, but lead the computer to perform the same operations—add the value of a variable 'y' to the value of a variable 'x' and store the result in <code style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">x</code>:</p><table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><thead><tr><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: url("/w/resources/src/jquery.tablesorter.styles/images/sort_both.svg?0e440"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Statement</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: url("/w/resources/src/jquery.tablesorter.styles/images/sort_both.svg?0e440"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Programming languages</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">x += y</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">$x += $y</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PHP">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">x := x + y</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J (programming language)">J</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> (Delphi), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SETL">SETL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simula" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simula">Simula</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>, and others.</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">MOV EAX,[y]</code><br /><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">ADD [x],EAX</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assembly language">Assembly languages</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">ldr r2, [y]</code><br /><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">ldr r3, [x]</code><br /><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">add r3, r3, r2</code><br /><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">str r3, [x]</code><br /></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assembly language">Assembly languages</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">LET X = X + Y</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>: early</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">x = x + y</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>: most dialects; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">Set x = x + y</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cach%C3%A9_ObjectScript" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caché ObjectScript">Caché ObjectScript</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">ADD Y TO X.</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAP" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ABAP">ABAP</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">ADD Y TO X GIVING X</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">set /a x=%x%+%y%</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batch file">Batch</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">(incf x y)</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">/x y x add def</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PostScript">PostScript</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><code style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">y @ x +!</code></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></td></tr></tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Various ways have been developed to describe the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal semantics of programming languages">semantics of programming languages formally</a>, building on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Operational semantics">Operational semantics</a>: The meaning of a construct is specified by the computation it induces when it is executed on a machine. In particular, it is of interest <i>how</i> the effect of a computation is produced.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotational_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denotational semantics">Denotational semantics</a>: Meanings are modelled by mathematical objects that represent the effect of executing the constructs. Thus, <i>only</i> the effect is of interest, not how it is obtained.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axiomatic semantics">Axiomatic semantics</a>: Specific properties of the effect of executing the constructs are expressed as <i>assertions</i>. Thus there may be aspects of the executions that are ignored.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Semantic_models">Semantic models</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Semantic models">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> refers to the extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> via embedding added semantic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, using semantic data modeling techniques such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL). On the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>, terms such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic network">semantic network</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_data_model" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic data model">semantic data model</a></i> are used to describe particular types of data model characterized by the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Directed graph">directed graphs</a> in which the vertices denote concepts or entities in the world and their properties, and the arcs denote relationships between them. These can formally be described as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Description logic">description logic</a> concepts and roles, which correspond to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a> classes and properties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sikos_2017_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-Sikos_2017-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Psychology">Psychology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Psychology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics (psychology)">Semantics (psychology)</a></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Semantic_memory">Semantic memory</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Semantic memory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic memory">semantic memory</a></i> is memory for meaning – in other words, the aspect of memory that preserves only the <i>gist</i>, the general significance, of remembered experience – while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a> is memory for the ephemeral details – the individual features, or the unique particulars of experience. The term "episodic memory" was introduced by Tulving and Schacter in the context of "declarative memory", which involved simple association of factual or objective information concerning its object. Word meaning is measured by the company they keep, i.e. the relationships among words themselves in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic network">semantic network</a>. The memories may be transferred intergenerationally or isolated in one generation due to a cultural disruption. Different generations may have different experiences at similar points in their own time-lines. This may then create a vertically heterogeneous semantic net for certain words in an otherwise homogeneous culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> In a network created by people analyzing their understanding of the word (such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordnet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wordnet">Wordnet</a>) the links and decomposition structures of the network are few in number and kind, and include <i>part of</i>, <i>kind of</i>, and similar links. In automated <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ontologies">ontologies</a> the links are computed vectors without explicit meaning. Various automated technologies are being developed to compute the meaning of words: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_indexing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latent semantic indexing">latent semantic indexing</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machines" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Support vector machines">support vector machines</a>, as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_calculus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Predicate calculus">predicate calculus</a> techniques.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ideasthesia">Ideasthesia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ideasthesia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideasthesia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ideasthesia">Ideasthesia</a> is a psychological phenomenon in which activation of concepts evokes sensory experiences. For example, in synesthesia, activation of a concept of a letter (e.g., that of the letter <i>A</i>) evokes sensory-like experiences (e.g., of red color).</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Psychosemantics">Psychosemantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Psychosemantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 1960s, psychosemantic studies became popular after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a>'s massive cross-cultural studies using his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_differential" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic differential">semantic differential</a> (SD) method that used thousands of nouns and adjective bipolar scales. A specific form of the SD, Projective Semantics method<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> uses only most common and neutral nouns that correspond to the 7 groups (factors) of adjective-scales most consistently found in cross-cultural studies (Evaluation, Potency, Activity as found by Osgood, and Reality, Organization, Complexity, Limitation as found in other studies). In this method, seven groups of bipolar adjective scales corresponded to seven types of nouns so the method was thought to have the object-scale symmetry (OSS) between the scales and nouns for evaluation using these scales. For example, the nouns corresponding to the listed 7 factors would be: Beauty, Power, Motion, Life, Work, Chaos, Law. Beauty was expected to be assessed unequivocally as "very good" on adjectives of Evaluation-related scales, Life as "very real" on Reality-related scales, etc. However, deviations in this symmetric and very basic matrix might show underlying biases of two types: scales-related bias and objects-related bias. This OSS design meant to increase the sensitivity of the SD method to any semantic biases in responses of people within the same culture and educational background.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Prototype_theory">Prototype theory</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Prototype theory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another set of concepts related to fuzziness in semantics is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prototype theory">prototypes</a>. The work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rosch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eleanor Rosch">Eleanor Rosch</a> in the 1970s led to a view that natural categories are not characterizable in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, but are graded (fuzzy at their boundaries) and inconsistent as to the status of their constituent members. One may compare it with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jung">Jung</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archetype">archetype</a>, though the concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archetype">archetype</a> sticks to static concept. Some <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Post-structuralists">post-structuralists</a> are against the fixed or static meaning of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Words">words</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrida" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Derrida">Derrida</a>, following <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, talked about slippages in fixed meanings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Systems of categories are not objectively <i>out there</i> in the world but are rooted in people's experience. These categories evolve as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Learning theory (education)">learned</a> concepts of the world – meaning is not an objective truth, but a subjective construct, learned from experience, and language arises out of the "grounding of our conceptual systems in shared <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Embodied philosophy">embodiment</a> and bodily experience".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LakoffJohnson_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_note-LakoffJohnson-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> A corollary of this is that the conceptual categories (i.e. the lexicon) will not be identical for different cultures, or indeed, for every individual in the same culture. This leads to another debate (see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic relativity">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_words_for_snow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eskimo words for snow">Eskimo words for snow</a>).</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic technology">Semantic technology</a> – Technology to help machines understand data</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word is derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σημαντικός">σημαντικός</a></span> (<span lang="grc-Latn" title="Ancient Greek transliteration"><i>sēmantikós</i></span>), which means "related to meaning, significant" (from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i></i><span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σημαίνω">σημαίνω</a></span><i> (<span lang="grc-Latn" title="Ancient Greek transliteration"><i>sēmaínō</i></span>)</i> 'to signify, indicate', from <i></i><span lang="grc"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%E1%BF%86%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:σῆμα">σῆμα</a></span><i> (<span lang="grc-Latn" title="Ancient Greek transliteration"><i>sêma</i></span>)</i> 'sign, mark, token'). The plural is used in analogy with words similar to <i>physics</i>, which was in the neuter plural in Ancient Greek and meant "things relating to nature".</span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shmantiko/s" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σημαντικός</span></span></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Liddell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Project" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-walker1948-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-walker1948_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-walker1948_3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRead1948" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Walker_Read" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Walker Read">Read, Allen Walker</a> (August 1948). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1948.11659331" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"An Account of the Word 'Semantics'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>WORD</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 78–97. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1948.11659331" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/00437956.1948.11659331</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+the+Word+%27Semantics%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-97&rft.date=1948-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1948.11659331&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Allen+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1948.11659331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGibbs1857" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_Sr." style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr.">Gibbs, Josiah W.</a> (1857). <a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044105427801" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Philological studies: with English illustrations</i></a>. Durrie and Peck. p. <a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044105427801?urlappend=%3Bseq=32%3Bownerid=27021597768440898-36" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044105427801" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2027/hvd.32044105427801</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philological+studies%3A+with+English+illustrations&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Durrie+and+Peck&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044105427801&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Josiah+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044105427801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBréal1893" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Br%C3%A9al" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michel Bréal">Bréal, Michel</a> (1893). "On the Canons of Etymological Investigation". <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>24</b>: 27. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935732" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/2935732</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935732" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2935732</a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Here I will cut short these reflections, which might be developed at great length; for all, or almost all, the chapter of linguistics treating of Semantics, or the science of meanings, has yet to be written.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=On+the+Canons+of+Etymological+Investigation&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2935732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2935732%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A9al&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBréal1897" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Br%C3%A9al" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michel Bréal">Bréal, Michel</a> (1897). "Introduction". <i>Essai de Sémantique (Science des significations)</i>. Hachette. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Essai_de_S%C3%A9mantique/Introduction" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1–9</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Essai+de+S%C3%A9mantique+%28Science+des+significations%29&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A9al&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFChwistek1922" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Chwistek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leon Chwistek">Chwistek, Leon</a> (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN266833020_0014" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Über die Antinomien der Prinzipien der Mathematik"</a>. <i>Mathematische Zeitschrift</i> (in German). Berlin: Julius Springer. <b>14</b>: <a class="external text" href="https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN266833020_0014" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">237</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01215902" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/BF01215902</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121367960" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">121367960</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Antinomien+der+Prinzipien+der+Mathematik&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01215902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121367960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chwistek&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3FPPN266833020_0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFChwistek1929" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Chwistek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leon Chwistek">Chwistek, Leon</a> (1929). <a class="external text" href="https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN266833020_0030" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neue Grundlagen der Logik und Mathematik"</a>. <i>Mathematische Zeitschrift</i> (in German). Berlin: Julius Springer. <b>30</b>: <a class="external text" href="https://www.digizeitschriften.de/id/266833020_0030%7Clog81?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B712%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">708</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01187796" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/BF01187796</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119783300" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119783300</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Neue+Grundlagen+der+Logik+und+Mathematik&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=708&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01187796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119783300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chwistek&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3FPPN266833020_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWinskel1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Winskel, Glynn (1993). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formalsemanticso0000wins" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The formal semantics of programming languages : an introduction</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formalsemanticso0000wins/page/n17" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">xv</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23169-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23169-5"><bdi>978-0-262-23169-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+formal+semantics+of+programming+languages+%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-23169-5&rft.aulast=Winskel&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformalsemanticso0000wins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFloyd1967" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert W. Floyd">Floyd, Robert W.</a> (1967). <a class="external text" href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~necula/Papers/FloydMeaning.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Assigning Meanings to Programs"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. In Schwartz, J.T. (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynigSICJflYC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science</i></a>. Proceedings of Symposium on Applied Mathematics. Vol. 19. American Mathematical Society. pp. 19–32. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821867288" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0821867288"><bdi>0821867288</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assigning+Meanings+to+Programs&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Aspects+of+Computer+Science&rft.series=Proceedings+of+Symposium+on+Applied+Mathematics&rft.pages=19-32&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0821867288&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.eecs.berkeley.edu%2F~necula%2FPapers%2FFloydMeaning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Partee1999-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Partee1999_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Partee1999_11-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Partee1999_11-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Partee1999_11-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Partee1999_11-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Partee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barbara Partee">Partee, B.</a> (1999) <i><a class="external text" href="http://people.umass.edu/partee/docs/Partee%20MITECS%20Semantics.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Semantics</a></i> in R. A. Wilson and F. C. Keil (eds.) <i><a class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/morrishalle/pubworks/papers/1999_Halle_MIT_Encyclopedia_Cognitive_Sciences-paper.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences</a></i>, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 739–742.</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKroeger2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kroeger, Paul (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/231" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Analyzing Meaning</i></a>. Language Science Press. pp. 4–6. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-136-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-136-8"><bdi>978-3-96110-136-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Meaning&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-136-8&rft.aulast=Kroeger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Levin,_Beth_1991-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Levin,_Beth_1991_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Levin,_Beth_1991_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, Beth; Pinker, Steven; <i>Lexical & Conceptual Semantics</i>, Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Jackendoff,_Ray_1990_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackendoff, Ray; <i><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wbYlHis6OEC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Semantic Structures</a></i>, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990.</span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGoldstein,_E._Bruce2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Goldstein, E. Bruce (2015). <i>Cognitive psychology : connecting mind, research and everyday experience</i> (4th ed.). New York: Cengage learning. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-76388-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-76388-0"><bdi>978-1-285-76388-0</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/885178247" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">885178247</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+psychology+%3A+connecting+mind%2C+research+and+everyday+experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cengage+learning&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F885178247&rft.isbn=978-1-285-76388-0&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+E.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Cruse,_D._1986-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Cruse,_D._1986_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Cruse,_D._1986_16-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Cruse,_D._1986_16-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruse, D.; <i><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDSBaet2uSsC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Lexical Semantics</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986.</span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Underhill, James, W. <i>Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2012.</span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wierzbicka, Anna. <i>Experience, Evidence, and Sense: The hidden cultural legacy of English</i>, Oxford University Press, 2010.</span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassin, Barbara. <i>Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon</i>, Princeton University Press, 2014.</span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadow, Lauren, ed. <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCw3dfmgP-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="plainlinks">In Conversation with Anna Wierzbicka – How English shapes our Anglo world</span></a> on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nerbonne, J.; <i>The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory</i> (ed. Lappin, S.), Blackwell Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996.</span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/meaning/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Theories of Meaning"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexis Burgess, Brett Sherman (eds.), <i>Metasemantics: New Essays on the Foundations of Meaning</i>, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 29 n. 13.</span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Euzenat, Jerome. <i>Ontology Matching</i>. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, p. 36.</span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNielsonNielson1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nielson, Hanne Riis; Nielson, Flemming (1995). <i>Semantics with Applications, A Formal Introduction</i> (1st ed.). Chicester, England: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-92980-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-92980-8"><bdi>0-471-92980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics+with+Applications%2C+A+Formal+Introduction&rft.place=Chicester%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-92980-8&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=Hanne+Riis&rft.au=Nielson%2C+Flemming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Sikos_2017-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-Sikos_2017_26-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSikos2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sikos, Leslie F. (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319540658" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Description Logics in Multimedia Reasoning</i></a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54066-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-319-54066-5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-54066-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-54066-5"><bdi>978-3-319-54066-5</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3180114" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3180114</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+Logics+in+Multimedia+Reasoning&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3180114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-54066-5&rft.isbn=978-3-319-54066-5&rft.aulast=Sikos&rft.aufirst=Leslie+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9783319540658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giannini, A. J.; <i>Semiotic and Semantic Implications of "Authenticity"</i>, Psychological Reports, 106(2):611–612, 2010.</span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTrofimova2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Trofimova, I (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903487" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Observer bias: how temperament matters in semantic perception of lexical material"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (1): e85677. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0085677" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pone.0085677</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903487" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3903487</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24475048" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24475048</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Observer+bias%3A+how+temperament+matters+in+semantic+perception+of+lexical+material&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e85677&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3903487%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24475048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0085677&rft.aulast=Trofimova&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3903487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTrofimova1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Trofimova, I (1999). "How people of different age sex and temperament estimate the world". <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>85/2</b>: 533–552. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.85.6.533-552" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2466/pr0.85.6.533-552</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=How+people+of+different+age+sex+and+temperament+estimate+the+world&rft.volume=85%2F2&rft.pages=533-552&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.85.6.533-552&rft.aulast=Trofimova&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTrofimova2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Trofimova, I (2012). "Understanding misunderstanding: a study of sex differences in meaning attribution". <i>Psychological Research</i>. <b>77/6</b> (6): 748–760. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00426-012-0462-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s00426-012-0462-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23179581" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23179581</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4828135" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4828135</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Research&rft.atitle=Understanding+misunderstanding%3A+a+study+of+sex+differences+in+meaning+attribution&rft.volume=77%2F6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=748-760&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4828135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23179581&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00426-012-0462-8&rft.aulast=Trofimova&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-LakoffJohnson-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics#cite_ref-LakoffJohnson_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLakoffJohnson1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Lakoff">Lakoff, George</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(professor)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark Johnson (professor)">Johnson, Mark</a> (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyinfles00lako" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Philosophy in the Flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Chapter 1</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Basic Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/93961754" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">93961754</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Flesh%3A+The+embodied+mind+and+its+challenge+to+Western+thought.+Chapter+1.&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F93961754&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyinfles00lako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></span>.</div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wiktionary:semantics">semantics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linguistics/Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikibooks:Linguistics/Semantics">Linguistics/Semantics</a></b></i></div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.semanticsarchive.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Semanticsarchive.net</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/semantics.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Teaching page</a> for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GCE Advanced Level">GCE Advanced Level</a> semantics</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160533/http://www.revel.inf.br/site2007/_pdf/8/entrevistas/revel_8_interview_jerry_fodor.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Semantics: an interview with Jerry Fodor" <span style="font-size: 11.9px;">(<i>ReVEL</i>, vol. 5, no. 8 (2007))</span></a></li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; 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color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Concepts in logic">Concepts in logic</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Grammar">Grammar</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linguistics_terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Linguistics terminology">Linguistics terminology</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning (philosophy of language)</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-76612363331637139022023-07-08T05:25:00.001-07:002023-07-08T05:25:18.337-07:00Text simplification<p> <b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Text simplification</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is an operation used in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">to change, enhance, classify, or otherwise process an existing body of human-readable text so its grammar and structure is greatly simplified while the underlying</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meaning (linguistic)">meaning</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information">information</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">remain the same. Text simplification is an important area of research because of communication needs in an increasingly complex and interconnected world more dominated by science, technology, and new media. But natural human languages pose huge problems because they ordinarily contain large vocabularies and complex constructions that machines, no matter how fast and well-programmed, cannot easily process. However, researchers have discovered that, to reduce linguistic diversity, they can use methods of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_compression" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic compression">semantic compression</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">to limit and simplify a set of words used in given texts.</span></p><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_simplification&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Text simplification is illustrated with an example used by Siddharthan (2006).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_simplification#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> The first sentence contains two relative clauses and one conjoined verb phrase. A text simplification system aims to change the first sentence into a group of simpler sentences, as seen just below the first sentence.</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Also contributing to the firmness in copper, the analyst noted, was a report by Chicago purchasing agents, which precedes the full purchasing agents report that is due out today and gives an indication of what the full report might hold.</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Also contributing to the firmness in copper, the analyst noted, was a report by Chicago purchasing agents. The Chicago report precedes the full purchasing agents report. The Chicago report gives an indication of what the full report might hold. The full report is due out today.</i></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">One approach to text simplification is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_simplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical simplification">lexical simplification</a> via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_substitution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical substitution">lexical substitution</a>, a two-step process of first identifying complex words and then replacing them with simpler synonyms. A key challenge here is identifying complex words, which is performed by a machine learning classifier trained on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeled_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labeled data">labeled data</a>. Researchers, frustrated by the problems with using the classical method of asking research subjects to describe words as either simple or complex, have discovered that they can get a higher consistency in more levels of complexity if they ask labelers to sort words presented to them in order of complexity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_simplification#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_simplification&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_paraphrasing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automated paraphrasing">Automated paraphrasing</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Controlled natural language">Controlled natural language</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_reform" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language reform">Language reform</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_simplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical simplification">Lexical simplification</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_substitution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical substitution">Lexical substitution</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_compression" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic compression">Semantic compression</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_normalization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Text normalization">Text normalization</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Technical_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simplified Technical English">Simplified English</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_simplification&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_simplification#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSiddharthan2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Siddharthan, Advaith (28 March 2006). "Syntactic Simplification and Text Cohesion". <i>Research on Language and Computation</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 77–109. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11168-006-9011-1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s11168-006-9011-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14619244" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14619244</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+on+Language+and+Computation&rft.atitle=Syntactic+Simplification+and+Text+Cohesion&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-109&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11168-006-9011-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14619244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Siddharthan&rft.aufirst=Advaith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+simplification"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_simplification#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGoodingKochmarSarkarBlackwell2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gooding, Sian; Kochmar, Ekaterina; Sarkar, Advait; Blackwell, Alan (August 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4024/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Comparative judgments are more consistent than binary classification for labelling word complexity"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 13th Linguistic Annotation Workshop</i>: 208–214. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18653%2Fv1%2FW19-4024" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.18653/v1/W19-4024</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+13th+Linguistic+Annotation+Workshop&rft.atitle=Comparative+judgments+are+more+consistent+than+binary+classification+for+labelling+word+complexity&rft.pages=208-214&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18653%2Fv1%2FW19-4024&rft.aulast=Gooding&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft.au=Kochmar%2C+Ekaterina&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Advait&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclweb.org%2Fanthology%2FW19-4024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+simplification"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wei Xu, Chris Callison-Burch and Courtney Napoles. "<a class="external text" href="https://www.transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/viewFile/549/131" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Problems in Current Text Simplification Research</a>". In Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL), Volume 3, 2015, Pages 283–297.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Advaith Siddharthan. "<a class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-597.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Syntactic Simplification and Text Cohesion</a>". In Research on Language and Computation, Volume 4, Issue 1, Jun 2006, Pages 77–109, Springer Science, the Netherlands.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Siddhartha Jonnalagadda, Luis Tari, Joerg Hakenberg, Chitta Baral and Graciela Gonzalez. Towards Effective Sentence Simplification for Automatic Processing of Biomedical Text. In Proc. of the NAACL-HLT 2009, Boulder, USA, June. <a class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607105853/http://www.public.asu.edu/~sjonnal3/home/papers/NAACL%20HLT%202009.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_simplification&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110&context=ircs_reports" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Automatic Induction of Rules for Text Simplification</a> (pdf)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.isi.edu/~marcu/papers/factoids04.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; 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margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Controlled natural languages</b> (<b>CNLs</b>) are subsets of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types: those that improve readability for human readers (e.g. non-native speakers), and those that enable reliable automatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantic analysis (linguistics)">semantic analysis</a> of the language.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The first type of languages (often called "simplified" or "technical" languages), for example <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASD_Simplified_Technical_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ASD Simplified Technical English">ASD Simplified Technical English</a>, Caterpillar Technical English, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s Easy English, are used in the industry to increase the quality of technical documentation, and possibly simplify the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer-assisted translation">semi-automatic translation</a> of the documentation. These languages restrict the writer by general rules such as "Keep sentences short", "Avoid the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>", "Only use dictionary-approved words", and "Use only the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voice" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Active voice">active voice</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The second type of languages have a formal syntax and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">formal semantics</a>, and can be mapped to an existing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal language">formal language</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>. Thus, those languages can be used as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knowledge representation language">knowledge representation languages</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> and writing of those languages is supported by fully automatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistency" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consistency">consistency</a> and redundancy checks, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_answering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Query answering">query answering</a>, etc.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_natural_language&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Existing controlled natural languages include:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pool2006_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-Pool2006-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASD_Simplified_Technical_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ASD Simplified Technical English">ASD Simplified Technical English</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempto_Controlled_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Attempto Controlled English">Attempto Controlled English</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aviation English">Aviation English</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basic English">Basic English</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearTalk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ClearTalk">ClearTalk</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a> Controlled English<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Language_Translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Distributed Language Translation">Distributed Language Translation</a> Esperanto</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Prime" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_fondamental" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Français fondamental">Français fondamental</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellish" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gellish">Gellish Formal English</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Interlingua-IL sive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a>)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">ModeLang<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> (fictional)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Processable English (PENG)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaspeak" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seaspeak">Seaspeak</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_of_Business_Vocabulary_and_Business_Rules" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules">Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special English">Special English</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Encoding">Encoding</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_natural_language&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Encoding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IETF">IETF</a> has reserved <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px; unicode-bidi: embed;">simple</code> as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCP_47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BCP 47">BCP 47</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF_language_tag" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IETF language tag">variant subtag</a> for simplified versions of languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Everson_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_note-Everson-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_natural_language&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_language_in_machine_translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Controlled language in machine translation">Controlled language in machine translation</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structured English">Structured English</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simple English Wikipedia">Simple English Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_natural_language&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference cs1" id="CITEREFO'Brien2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">O'Brien, Sharon (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.mt-archive.info/CLT-2003-Obrien.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Controlling Controlled English – An Analysis of Several Controlled Language Rule Sets"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of EAMT-CLAW</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Controlling+Controlled+English+%E2%80%93+An+Analysis+of+Several+Controlled+Language+Rule+Sets&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+EAMT-CLAW&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mt-archive.info%2FCLT-2003-Obrien.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControlled+natural+language"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwitter, Rolf. "<a class="external text" href="http://staff.um.edu.mt/mros1/cnl2010/TALKS/schwitter_tutorial.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px;">Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation</a>." Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKuhn2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kuhn, Tobias (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FCOLI_a_00168" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages"</a>. <i>Computational Linguistics</i>. <b>40</b>: 121–170. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FCOLI_a_00168" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/COLI_a_00168</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14586568" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14586568</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Survey+and+Classification+of+Controlled+Natural+Languages&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=121-170&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FCOLI_a_00168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14586568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252FCOLI_a_00168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControlled+natural+language"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Pool2006-4" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_ref-Pool2006_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPool2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pool, Jonathan (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815035716/http://utilika.org/pubs/etc/ambigcl/clweb.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Can Controlled Languages Scale to the Web?"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://utilika.org/pubs/etc/ambigcl/clweb.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2009-08-15.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+Controlled+Languages+Scale+to+the+Web%3F&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pool&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futilika.org%2Fpubs%2Fetc%2Fambigcl%2Fclweb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControlled+natural+language"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference cs1" id="CITEREFNorbert_E._FuchsKaarel_KaljurandGerold_Schneider2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Norbert E. 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"PENG: Processable ENGlish". <i>Technical Report, Macquarie University, Australia</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Report%2C+Macquarie+University%2C+Australia&rft.atitle=PENG%3A+Processable+ENGlish&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schwitter&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=Tilbrook%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControlled+natural+language"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Everson-10" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_natural_language#cite_ref-Everson_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEverson" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Everson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/simple.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Registration form for 'simple'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. IANA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registration+form+for+%27simple%27&rft.pub=IANA&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flang-subtags-templates%2Fsimple.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControlled+natural+language"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_natural_language&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/controllednaturallanguage/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Controlled Natural Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Controlled_natural_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Controlled natural languages">Controlled natural languages</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-71791258104942491632023-07-08T05:10:00.002-07:002023-07-08T06:05:30.975-07:00Linguistics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">Linguistics</b><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">is the scientific study of</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language">language</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">The modern study of linguistics is called a science because it entails the comprehensive, systematic,</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Objectivity (science)">objective</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">, and precise analysis of all aspects of language</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-:0-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">— cognitive, social, environmental, and biological, as well as structural.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: calc(0.875em); text-align: left;">Before the 20th century, linguistics was not considered a scientific discipline.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-:0-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div><div class="mw-content-container" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: pageContent / pageContent / pageContent / pageContent;"><main class="mw-body" id="content" role="main" style="direction: ltr; display: grid; grid-template-areas: "titlebar-cx ." "titlebar columnEnd" "toolbar columnEnd" "content columnEnd"; grid-template-columns: minmax(0px, 60em) min-content; grid-template-rows: min-content min-content min-content 1fr; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;"><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="font-size: calc(0.875em); grid-area: content / content / content / content; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Modern linguistics is considered to be an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Applied science">applied science</a> as well as an academic field of general study within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social science">social sciences</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-linguisticsociety.org_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-linguisticsociety.org-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax">syntax</a> (rules governing the structure of sentences), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics">semantics</a> (meaning), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (structure of words), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonology">phonology</a> (the abstract sound system of a particular language), and pragmatics (how social <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Context (language use)">context</a> contributes to meaning).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-akmajian_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-akmajian-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Subdisciplines such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a> (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a> (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguistics encompasses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outline of linguistics">many branches and subfields</a> that span both theoretical and practical applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-linguisticsociety.org_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-linguisticsociety.org-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theoretical linguistics">Theoretical linguistics</a> (including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal grammar">universal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language#Nature_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of language">fundamental nature</a> of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a> seeks to utilise the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguistic phenomena may be studied through a variety of perspectives: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronic_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synchronic analysis">synchronically</a> (by describing the shifts in a language at a certain specific point of time) or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical linguistics">diachronically</a> (ie, through the historical development of language over several periods of time), in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolingualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monolingualism">monolinguals</a> or in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multilingualism">multilinguals</a>, amongst children or amongst adults, in terms of how it is being learned or as in terms of how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or through practical fieldwork.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguistics emerged from the non-scientific<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-:0-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philology">philology</a> and the both are now variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or the latter to have been superseded by linguistics altogether.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Linguistics is also related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stylistics">stylistics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>, and translation.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Major_subdisciplines">Major subdisciplines</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Major subdisciplines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_linguistics">Historical linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Historical linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Historical linguistics is the study of how language changes in history, particularly with regard to a specific language or a group of languages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western world">Western trends</a> in historical linguistics date back to roughly the late 18th century, when the discipline grew out of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philology">philology</a>, the study of ancient texts and oral traditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the field, and was most widely practiced during the late 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Despite a shift in focus in the twentieth century towards <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formalism (linguistics)">formalism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a>, which studies the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal grammar">universal</a> properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language change">language change</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticalisation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grammaticalisation">grammaticalisation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Historical linguistics studies language change either diachronically (through a comparison of different time periods in the past and present) or in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronic_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synchronic linguistics">synchronic</a> manner (by observing developments between different variations that exist within the current linguistic stage of a language).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">At first, historical linguistics served as the cornerstone of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>, which involves a study of the relationship between different languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Routledge_introduction_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Routledge_introduction-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> During this time, scholars of historical linguistics were only concerned with creating different categories of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language family">language families</a>, and reconstructing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> proto-languages by using both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> and the method of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_reconstruction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internal reconstruction">internal reconstruction</a>. Internal reconstruction is the method by which an element that contains a certain meaning is re-used in different contexts or environments where there is a variation in either sound or analogy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Routledge_introduction_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Routledge_introduction-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The reason for this had been to describe well-known <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, many of which used to have long written histories. Scholars of historical linguistics also studied <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, another European language family for which very little written material existed back then. After this, there was significant work that followed on the corpora of other languages too, such as that of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, as well as of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Native American language">Native American language families</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The above approach of comparativism in linguistics is now, however, only a small part of the much broader discipline called historical linguistics. The comparative study of specific Indo-European languages is considered a highly specialised field today, while comparative research is carried out over the subsequent internal developments in a language. In particular, it is carried out over the development of modern standard varieties of languages, or over the development of a language from its standardized form to its varieties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">For instance, some scholars also undertook a study attempting to establish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrofamily" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Macrofamily">super-families</a>, linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other language families to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostratic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nostratic">Nostratic</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> While these attempts are still not widely accepted as credible methods, they provide necessary information to establish relatedness in language change, something that is not easily available as the depth of time increases. The time-depth of linguistic methods is generally limited, due to the occurrence of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups, but a limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed for the functional purpose of conducting research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Difficulty also exists in the dating of various proto languages. Even though several methods are available, only approximate results can be obtained in terms of arriving at dates for these languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Today, with a subsequent re-development of grammatical studies, historical linguistics studies the change in language on a relational basis between dialect to dialect during one period, as well as between those in the past and the present period, and looks at evolution and shifts taking place morphologically, syntactically, as well as phonetically.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Acadmia_Morphology_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Acadmia_Morphology-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax_and_morphology">Syntax and morphology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Syntax and morphology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax">Syntax</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology (linguistics)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Syntax and morphology are branches of linguistics concerned with the order and structure of meaningful linguistic units such as words and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a>. Syntacticians study the rules and constraints that govern how speakers of a language can organize words into sentences. Morphologists study similar rules for the order of morphemes—sub-word units such as prefixes and suffixes—and how they may be combined to form words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Acadmia_Morphology_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Acadmia_Morphology-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">While words, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, in most languages, if not all, many words can be related to other words by rules that collectively describe the grammar for that language. For example, English speakers recognize that the words <i>dog</i> and <i>dogs</i> are closely related, differentiated only by the plurality <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> "-s", only found <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bound morpheme">bound</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>. Speakers of English recognize these relations from their innate knowledge of English's rules of word formation. They infer intuitively that <i>dog</i> is to <i>dogs</i> as <i>cat</i> is to <i>cats</i>; and, in similar fashion, <i>dog</i> is to <i>dog catcher</i> as <i>dish</i> is to <i>dishwasher</i>. By contrast, Classical Chinese has very little morphology, using almost exclusively unbound morphemes ("free" morphemes) and depending on word order to convey meaning. (Most words in modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> ["Mandarin"], however, are compounds and most roots are bound.) These are understood as grammars that represent the morphology of the language. The rules understood by a speaker reflect specific patterns or regularities in the way words are formed from smaller units in the language they are using, and how those smaller units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonological">Phonological</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> modifications between a base word and its origin may be partial to literacy skills. Studies have indicated that the presence of modification in phonology and orthography makes morphologically complex words harder to understand and that the absence of modification between a base word and its origin makes morphologically complex words easier to understand. Morphologically complex words are easier to comprehend when they include a base word.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polysynthetic language">Polysynthetic languages</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a>, have words composed of many morphemes. The Chukchi word "təmeyŋəlevtpəγtərkən", for example, meaning "I have a fierce headache", is composed of eight morphemes <i>t-ə-meyŋ-ə-levt-pəγt-ə-rkən</i> that may be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gloss (annotation)">glossed</a>. The morphology of such languages allows for each consonant and vowel to be understood as morphemes, while the grammar of the language indicates the usage and understanding of each morpheme.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Semantics_and_pragmatics">Semantics and pragmatics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Semantics and pragmatics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics (linguistics)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics concerned with meaning. These subfields have traditionally been divided according to aspects of meaning thought to arise from the grammar versus linguistic and social context. Semantics in this conception is concerned with grammatical and lexical meanings and pragmatics concerned with meaning in context. The framework of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">formal semantics</a> studies the denotations of sentences and the way they are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compositionality">composed</a> from the meanings of their constituent expressions. Formal semantics draws heavily on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a> and uses formal tools from logic and computer science. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a> ties linguistic meaning to general aspects of cognition, drawing on ideas from cognitive science such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prototype theory">prototype theory</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Pragmatics encompasses phenomena such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech act">speech acts</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicature" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Implicature">implicature</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conversation analysis">talk in interaction</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mey_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Mey-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener but also on the context of the utterance,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> In that respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> since meaning relies on the manner, place, time, etc. of an utterance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mey_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Mey-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonetics_and_phonology">Phonetics and phonology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Phonetics and phonology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Phonetics and phonology are branches of linguistics concerned with sounds (or the equivalent aspects of sign languages). Phonetics is largely concerned with the physical aspects of sounds such as their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulation</a>, acoustics, production, and perception. Phonology is concerned with the linguistic abstractions and categorizations of sounds, and it tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can combine into words, and explains why certain phonetic features are important to identifying a word.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Typology">Typology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Typology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="font-size: small; font-style: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_typology&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a> (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Linguistic_typology_:12_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Linguistic_typology_:12-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Its subdisciplines include, but are not limited to phonological typology, which deals with sound features; syntactic typology, which deals with word order and form; lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary; and theoretical typology, which aims to explain the universal tendencies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_varieties">Language varieties</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Language varieties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Variety (linguistics)">Variety (linguistics)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Languages exist on a wide continuum of conventionalization with blurry divisions between concepts such as dialects and languages. Languages can undergo internal changes which lead to the development of subvarieties such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_register" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic register">linguistic registers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">Accents</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. Similarly, languages can undergo changes caused by contact with speakers of other languages, and new language varieties may be born from these contact situations through the process of <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_genesis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language genesis (page does not exist)">language genesis</a>.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact_varieties">Contact varieties</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Contact varieties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creolistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creolistics">Creolistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Contact varieties such as pidgins and creoles are language varieties that often arise in situations of sustained contact between communities that speak different languages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> are language varieties with limited conventionalization where ideas are conveyed through simplified grammars that may grow more complex as linguistic contact continues. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creole language">Creole languages</a> are language varieties similar to pidgins but with greater conventionalization and stability. As children grow up in contact situations, they may learn a local pidgin as their native language. Through this process of acquisition and transmission, new grammatical features and lexical items are created and introduced to fill <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_gap" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexical gap">gaps</a> in the pidgin eventually developing into a complete language.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Not all language contact situations result in the development of a pidgin or creole, and researchers have studied the features of contact situations that make contact varieties more likely to develop. Often these varieties arise in situations of colonization and enslavement, where power imbalances prevent the contact groups from learning the other's language but sustained contact is nevertheless maintained. The subjugated language in the power relationship is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Substrate language">substrate language</a>, while the dominant language serves as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstrate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a>. Often the words and lexicon of a contact variety come from the superstrate, making it the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexifier" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexifier">lexifier</a>, while grammatical structures come from the substrate, but this is not always the case.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialect">Dialect</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Dialect">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A dialect is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety of language</a> that is characteristic of a particular group among the language's speakers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> The group of people who are the speakers of a dialect are usually bound to each other by social identity. This is what differentiates a dialect from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discourse">discourse</a>, where in the latter case, cultural identity does not always play a role. Dialects are speech varieties that have their own grammatical and phonological rules, linguistic features, and stylistic aspects, but have not been given an official status as a language. Dialects often move on to gain the status of a language due to political and social reasons. Other times, dialects remain marginalized, particularly when they are associated with marginalized social groups.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Differentiation amongst dialects (and subsequently, languages) is based upon the use of grammatical rules, syntactic rules, and stylistic features, though not always on lexical use or vocabulary. The popular saying that "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A language is a dialect with an army and navy">a language is a dialect with an army and navy</a>" is attributed as a definition formulated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weinreich" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Max Weinreich">Max Weinreich</a>.</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">We may as individuals be rather fond of our own dialect. This should not make us think, though, that it is actually any better than any other dialect. Dialects are not good or bad, nice or nasty, right or wrong – they are just different from one another, and it is the mark of a civilised society that it tolerates different dialects just as it tolerates different races, religions and sexes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_language">Standard language</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Standard language">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">When a dialect is documented sufficiently through the linguistic description of its grammar, which has emerged through the consensual laws from within its community, it gains political and national recognition through a country or region's policies. That is the stage when a language is considered a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_variety" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standard variety">standard variety</a>, one whose grammatical laws have now stabilised from within the consent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_community" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech community">speech community</a> participants, after sufficient evolution, improvisation, correction, and growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> The English language, besides perhaps the French language, may be examples of languages that have arrived at a stage where they are said to have become standard varieties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Relativity">Relativity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relativity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As constructed popularly through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic relativity">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a>, relativists believe that the structure of a particular language is capable of influencing the cognitive patterns through which a person shapes his or her world view. Universalists believe that there are commonalities between human perception as there is in the human capacity for language, while relativists believe that this varies from language to language and person to person. While the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is an elaboration of this idea expressed through the writings of American linguists <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Benjamin Lee Whorf</a>, it was Sapir's student <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harry Hoijer">Harry Hoijer</a> who termed it thus. The 20th century German linguist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Weisgerber" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leo Weisgerber">Leo Weisgerber</a> also wrote extensively about the theory of relativity. Relativists argue for the case of differentiation at the level of cognition and in semantic domains. The emergence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a> in the 1980s also revived an interest in linguistic relativity. Thinkers like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a> have argued that language reflects different cultural metaphors, while the French philosopher of language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>'s writings, especially about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstructivism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deconstructivism">deconstruction</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> have been seen to be closely associated with the relativist movement in linguistics, for which he was heavily criticized in the media at the time of his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Structures">Structures</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Structures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 96px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="399" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="39" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Saussurean</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sign (semiotics)">linguistic sign</a>. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in oral languages), movements of the hands and face (in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>), and written symbols (in written languages). Linguistic patterns have proven their importance for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_engineering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knowledge engineering">knowledge engineering</a> field especially with the ever-increasing amount of available data.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For instance, consider the structure of the word "tenth" on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most speakers of English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammar">Grammar</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonology">phonology</a> (the organisation of phonetic sound systems), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (the formation and composition of words), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax">syntax</a> (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-akmajian_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-akmajian-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar#Theoretical_frameworks" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grammar">frameworks that deal with the principles of grammar</a> include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structural linguistics">structural</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Functional linguistics">functional linguistics</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative linguistics">generative linguistics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Sub-fields that focus on a grammatical study of language include the following:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></b>, the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception, and delves into their acoustic and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulatory</a> properties</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></b>, the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></b>, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></b>, the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></b>, the study of lexical and grammatical aspects of meaning<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></b>, the study of how <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utterance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Utterance">utterances</a> are used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech acts">communicative acts</a>, and the role played by situational context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio_43-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></b>, the analysis of language use in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Text (literary theory)">texts</a> (spoken, written, or signed)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(field_of_study)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stylistics (field of study)">Stylistics</a></b>, the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></b>, the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Discourse">Discourse</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Discourse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Discourse is language as social practice (Baynham, 1995) and is a multilayered concept. As a social practice, discourse embodies different ideologies through written and spoken texts. Discourse analysis can examine or expose these ideologies. Discourse influences genre, which is chosen in response to different situations and finally, at micro level, discourse influences language as text (spoken or written) at the phonological or lexico-grammatical level. Grammar and discourse are linked as parts of a system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialization. Registers and discourses therefore differentiate themselves through the use of vocabulary, and at times through the use of style too. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialized to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the "medical discourse", and so on.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Lexicon">Lexicon</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Lexicon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The lexicon is a catalogue of words and terms that are stored in a speaker's mind. The lexicon consists of words and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morphemes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bound morphemes">bound morphemes</a>, which are parts of words that can not stand alone, like <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Affixes">affixes</a>. In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a>, closely linked with the domain of semantics, is the science of mapping the words into an encyclopedia or a dictionary. The creation and addition of new words (into the lexicon) is called coining or neologization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> and the new words are called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">It is often believed that a speaker's capacity for language lies in the quantity of words stored in the lexicon. However, this is often considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of language is considered by many linguists to lie primarily in the domain of grammar, and to be linked with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_competence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic competence">competence</a>, rather than with the growth of vocabulary. Even a very small lexicon is theoretically capable of producing an infinite number of sentences.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Style">Style</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(field_of_study)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stylistics (field of study)">Stylistics</a> also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> It involves the study and interpretation of texts for aspects of their linguistic and tonal style. Stylistic analysis entails the analysis of description of particular <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialects" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dialects">dialects</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> used by speech communities. Stylistic features include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> diction, stress, satire, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Irony">irony</a>, dialogue, and other forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also include the study of language in canonical works of literature, popular fiction, news, advertisements, and other forms of communication in popular culture as well. It is usually seen as a variation in communication that changes from speaker to speaker and community to community. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 1960s, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a> is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a>, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurolinguistics">neurolinguistics</a>, which studies language processing in the brain; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a>, which studies the biology and evolution of language; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>, which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Approaches">Approaches</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Approaches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Humanistic">Humanistic</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Humanistic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The fundamental principle of humanistic linguistics is that language is an invention created by people. A semiotic tradition of linguistic research considers language a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sign system">sign system</a> which arises from the interaction of meaning and form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> The organisation of linguistic levels is considered computational.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> Linguistics is essentially seen as relating to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sociology">social</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural studies</a> because different languages are shaped in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interaction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_community" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech community">speech community</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> Frameworks representing the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> view of language include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a>, among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-humanistic_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-humanistic-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Structural analysis means dissecting each linguistic level: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and discourse, to the smallest units. These are collected into inventories (e.g. phoneme, morpheme, lexical classes, phrase types) to study their interconnectedness within a hierarchy of structures and layers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> Functional analysis adds to structural analysis the assignment of semantic and other functional roles that each unit may have. For example, a noun phrase may function as the subject or object of the sentence; or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patient (grammar)">patient</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Functional linguistics">Functional linguistics</a>, or functional grammar, is a branch of structural linguistics. In the humanistic reference, the terms <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structural functionalism">functionalism</a> are related to their meaning in other <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sciences" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human sciences">human sciences</a>. The difference between formal and functional structuralism lies in the way that the two approaches explain why languages have the properties they have. Functional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Explanation">explanation</a> entails the idea that language is a tool for communication, or that communication is the primary function of language. Linguistic forms are consequently explained by an appeal to their functional value, or usefulness. Other structuralist approaches take the perspective that form follows from the inner mechanisms of the bilateral and multilayered language system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biological">Biological</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Biological">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosemiotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Approaches such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a> study linguistic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognition">cognition</a> with a view towards uncovering the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biology">biological</a> underpinnings of language. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_Grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative Grammar">Generative Grammar</a>, these underpinning are understood as including <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_nativism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic nativism">innate</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Domain-specific">domain-specific</a> grammatical knowledge. Thus, one of the central concerns of the approach is to discover what aspects of linguistic knowledge are innate and which are not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive Linguistics">Cognitive Linguistics</a>, in contrast, rejects the notion of innate grammar, and studies how the human mind creates linguistic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Construction grammar">constructions</a> from event <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schema (psychology)">schemas</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Arbib_2015_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Arbib_2015-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> and the impact of cognitive constraints and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive bias">biases</a> on human language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> In cognitive linguistics, language is approached via the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sense">senses</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Ibarretxe-Antu%C3%B1ano_2002-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gibbs&Colston_1995_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Gibbs&Colston_1995-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A closely related approach is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolutionary linguistics</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> which includes the study of linguistic units as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Memetics">cultural replicators</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> It is possible to study how language <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-replication">replicates</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adaptation">adapts</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind">mind</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Individual">individual</a> or the speech community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a> is a framework which applies the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meme">meme</a> concept to the study of syntax.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dahl_2001_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Dahl_2001-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kirby_2013_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Kirby_2013-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zehentner_2019_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Zehentner_2019-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MacWhinney_2015_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-MacWhinney_2015-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The generative versus evolutionary approach are sometimes called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structuralism (biology)">formalism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptationism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adaptationism">functionalism</a>, respectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> This reference is however different from the use of the terms in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanities">human sciences</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Methodology">Methodology</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Modern linguistics is primarily <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Descriptive linguistics">descriptive</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martinet_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Martinet-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> Linguists describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature or usage is "good" or "bad". This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a> studies the animal kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular species is "better" or "worse" than another.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescription</a>, on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over others, often favouring a particular dialect or "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acrolect">acrolect</a>". This may have the aim of establishing a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standard language">linguistic standard</a>, which can aid communication over large geographical areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a>). An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Censorship">censors</a>, who attempt to eradicate words and structures that they consider to be destructive to society. Prescription, however, may be practised appropriately in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language education">language instruction</a>, like in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_teaching" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English language teaching">ELT</a>, where certain fundamental grammatical rules and lexical items need to be introduced to a second-language speaker who is attempting to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language acquisition">acquire</a> the language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spoken language">spoken data</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sign language">signed data</a> are more fundamental than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Written language">written data</a>. This is because</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Features appear in speech which are not always recorded in writing, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_rule" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonological rule">phonological rules</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_change" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sound change">sound changes</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_error" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech error">speech errors</a>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language (or potentially a signed one), even with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictographic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pictographic">pictographic</a> scripts like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongba" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dongba">Dongba</a> writing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxi_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homophone">homophones</a> with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Individuals learn to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they do with writing.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Nonetheless, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcribed</a> and written. In addition, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a> as a viable site for linguistic inquiry.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The study of writing systems themselves, graphemics, is, in any case, considered a branch of linguistics.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Analysis">Analysis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachronic_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diachronic linguistics">diachronic</a> plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with the rise of Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronic_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synchronic linguistics">synchronic</a> approach, where the study was geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">At another level, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntagmatic_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syntagmatic analysis">syntagmatic</a> plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the article "the" is followed by a noun, because of the syntagmatic relation between the words. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigmatic_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradigmatic analysis">paradigmatic</a> plane, on the other hand, focuses on an analysis that is based on the paradigms or concepts that are embedded in a given text. In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The earliest activities in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_description" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic description">description of language</a> have been attributed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_century_BC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="6th century BC">6th-century-BC</a> Indian grammarian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> who wrote a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal grammar">formal description</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit language</a> in his <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aṣṭādhyāyī</i></span></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Today, modern-day theories on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generative grammar">grammar</a> employ many of the principles that were laid down then.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Before the 20th century, the term <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philology">philology</a></i>, first attested in 1716,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup> was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Introduction:_Philology_in_a_Manuscript_Culture_by_Stephen_G._Nichols_(Vol._65,_No._1)_(Jan_1990),_pp._1–10._Published_by_Medieval_Academy_of_America._83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Introduction:_Philology_in_a_Manuscript_Culture_by_Stephen_G._Nichols_(Vol._65,_No._1)_(Jan_1990),_pp._1%E2%80%9310._Published_by_Medieval_Academy_of_America.-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Understanding_84-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Understanding-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup> Since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s insistence on the importance of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronic_analysis_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synchronic analysis (linguistics)">synchronic analysis</a>, however, this focus has shifted<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Understanding_84-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Understanding-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup> and the term <i>philology</i> is now generally used for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition", especially in the United States<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup> (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the "science of language").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology_82-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although the term <i>linguist</i> in the sense of "a student of language" dates from 1641,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-etymonline_linguist_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-etymonline_linguist-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> the term <i>linguistics</i> is first attested in 1847.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-etymonline_linguist_86-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-etymonline_linguist-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> It is now the usual term in English for the scientific study of language,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though <i>linguistic science</i> is sometimes used.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguistics is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interdisciplinarity">multi-disciplinary</a> field of research that combines tools from natural sciences, social sciences, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal science">formal sciences</a>, and the humanities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> The term <i>linguist</i> applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-American_Heritage_2000_92-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-American_Heritage_2000-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_grammarians">Early grammarians</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Early grammarians">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philology">Philology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarian_(Greco-Roman)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grammarian (Greco-Roman)">Grammarian (Greco-Roman)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The formal study of language began in India with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, the 6th century BC grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. Pāṇini's systematic classification of the sounds of Sanskrit into consonants and vowels, and word classes, such as nouns and verbs, was the first known instance of its kind. In the Middle East, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibawayh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sibawayh">Sibawayh</a>, a Persian, made a detailed description of Arabic in AD 760 in his monumental work, <i>Al-kitab fii an-naħw</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span dir="rtl" lang="ar">الكتاب في النحو</span></span>, <i>The Book on Grammar</i>), the first known author to distinguish between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonetics">sounds</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phonology">phonemes (sounds as units of a linguistic system)</a>. Western interest in the study of languages began somewhat later than in the East,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> but the grammarians of the classical languages did not use the same methods or reach the same conclusions as their contemporaries in the Indic world. Early interest in language in the West was a part of philosophy, not of grammatical description. The first insights into semantic theory were made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a> in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cratylus (dialogue)"><i>Cratylus</i> dialogue</a>, where he argues that words denote concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas. This work is the first to use the word etymology to describe the history of a word's meaning. Around 280 BC, one of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s successors founded a university (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaeum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a>) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, where a school of philologists studied the ancient texts in and taught Greek to speakers of other languages. While this school was the first to use the word "grammar" in its modern sense, Plato had used the word in its original meaning as "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Art of Grammar">téchnē grammatikḗ</a>" (<span class="polytonic" face=""SBL BibLit", "SBL Greek", Athena, "EB Garamond", "EB Garamond 12", "Foulis Greek", "Garamond Libre", Cardo, "Gentium Plus", Gentium, Garamond, "Palatino Linotype", "DejaVu Sans", "DejaVu Serif", FreeSerif, FreeSans, "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", Code2000, sans-serif">Τέχνη Γραμματική</span>), the "art of writing", which is also the title of one of the most important works of the Alexandrine school by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> Throughout the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the study of language was subsumed under the topic of philology, the study of ancient languages and texts, practised by such educators as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ascham" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ratke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfgang Ratke">Wolfgang Ratke</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Amos Comenius">John Amos Comenius</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparative_philology">Comparative philology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Comparative philology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 18th century, the first use of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a> sparked the rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup> Bloomfield attributes "the first great scientific linguistic work of the world" to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>, who wrote <i>Deutsche Grammatik</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_1914_311_97-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Bloomfield_1914_311-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> It was soon followed by other authors writing similar comparative studies on other language groups of Europe. The study of language was broadened from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> to language in general by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, of whom Bloomfield asserts:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_1914_311_97-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Bloomfield_1914_311-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">This study received its foundation at the hands of the Prussian statesman and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), especially in the first volume of his work on Kavi, the literary language of Java, entitled <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts</i></span></i> (<i>On the Variety of the Structure of Human Language and its Influence upon the Mental Development of the Human Race</i>).</p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="20th-century_developments">20th-century developments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 20th-century developments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There was a shift of focus from historical and comparative linguistics to synchronic analysis in early 20th century. Structural analysis was improved by Leonard Bloomfield, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellig_Harris" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a> who also developed methods of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a>. Functional analysis was developed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague linguistic circle</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Martinet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="André Martinet">André Martinet</a>. As sound recording devices became commonplace in the 1960s, dialectal recordings were made and archived, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-lingual_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audio-lingual method">audio-lingual method</a> provided a technological solution to foreign language learning. The 1960s also saw a new rise of comparative linguistics: the study of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_universals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language universals">language universals</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a>. Towards the end of the century the field of linguistics became divided into further areas of interest with the advent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language technology">language technology</a> and digitalised <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Corpus linguistics">corpora</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Areas_of_research">Areas of research</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Areas of research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 96px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="399" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="39" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Linguistics%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Linguistics"</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Linguistics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">news</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Linguistics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Linguistics%22+-wikipedia" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">books</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Linguistics%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Linguistics%22&acc=on&wc=on" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and looks at how a language in general, or a set of languages, display variation and varieties at a given point in time. The study of language variation and the different varieties of language through dialects, registers, and idiolects can be tackled through a study of style, as well as through analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists research both style and discourse in language, as well as the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Developmental_linguistics">Developmental linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Developmental linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Developmental linguistics">Developmental linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language acquisition">the acquisition of language</a> in childhood. Some of the questions that developmental linguistics looks into are how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and what the process of language acquisition is.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Neurolinguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistics</a>, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasiology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aphasiology">aphasiology</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_imaging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain imaging">brain imaging</a>, electrophysiology, and computer modelling. Amongst the structures of the brain involved in the mechanisms of neurolinguistics, the cerebellum which contains the highest numbers of neurons has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Applied_linguistics">Applied linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Applied linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguists are largely concerned with finding and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Descriptive linguistics">describing</a> the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all languages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a> takes the results of those findings and "applies" them to other areas. Linguistic research is commonly applied to areas such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language education">language education</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>, translation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_planning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language planning">language planning</a>, which involves governmental policy implementation related to language use, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>. "Applied linguistics" has been argued to be something of a misnomer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> Applied linguists actually focus on making sense of and engineering solutions for real-world linguistic problems, and not literally "applying" existing technical knowledge from linguistics. Moreover, they commonly apply technical knowledge from multiple sources, such as sociology (e.g., conversation analysis) and anthropology. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> fits under Applied linguistics.)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Today, computers are widely used in many areas of applied linguistics. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_interface" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Voice interface">voice interfaces</a> to computers. Applications of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer-assisted translation">computer-assisted translation</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> are areas of applied linguistics that have come to the forefront. Their influence has had an effect on theories of syntax and semantics, as modelling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constraints.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Linguistic analysis is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics used by many governments to verify the claimed nationality of people seeking asylum who do not hold the necessary documentation to prove their claim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Linguistic_Analysis-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> This often takes the form of an interview by personnel in an immigration department. Depending on the country, this interview is conducted either in the asylum seeker's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Native language">native language</a> through an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language interpretation">interpreter</a> or in an international <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> like English.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Linguistic_Analysis-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> Australia uses the former method, while Germany employs the latter; the Netherlands uses either method depending on the languages involved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Linguistic_Analysis-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> Tape recordings of the interview then undergo language analysis, which can be done either by private contractors or within a department of the government. In this analysis, linguistic features of the asylum seeker are used by analysts to make a determination about the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's decision on the refugee status of the asylum seeker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-Linguistic_Analysis-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_documentation">Language documentation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Language documentation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_documentation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language documentation">Language documentation</a> combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their grammars. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a> involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a> is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language interpretation">interpretation</a>, as well as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language education">language education</a> – the teaching of a second or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Since the inception of the discipline of linguistics, linguists have been concerned with describing and analysing previously <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_documentation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language documentation">undocumented languages</a>. Starting with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> in the early 1900s, this became the main focus of American linguistics until the rise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal linguistics">formal linguistics</a> in the mid-20th century. This focus on language documentation was partly motivated by a concern to document the rapidly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language death">disappearing</a> languages of indigenous peoples. The ethnographic dimension of the Boasian approach to language description played a role in the development of disciplines such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthropological linguistics">anthropological linguistics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic anthropology">linguistic anthropology</a>, which investigate the relations between language, culture, and society.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The emphasis on linguistic description and documentation has also gained prominence outside North America, with the documentation of rapidly dying indigenous languages becoming a focus in some university programmes in linguistics. Language description is a work-intensive endeavour, usually requiring years of field work in the language concerned, so as to equip the linguist to write a sufficiently accurate reference grammar. Further, the task of documentation requires the linguist to collect a substantial corpus in the language in question, consisting of texts and recordings, both sound and video, which can be stored in an accessible format within open repositories, and used for further research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Translation">Translation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Translation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Translation">Translation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The sub-field of translation includes the translation of written and spoken texts across media, from digital to print and spoken. To translate literally means to transmute the meaning from one language into another. Translators are often employed by organizations such as travel agencies and governmental embassies to facilitate communication between two speakers who do not know each other's language. Translators are also employed to work within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a> setups like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>, which is an automated program to translate words and phrases between any two or more given languages. Translation is also conducted by publishing houses, which convert works of writing from one language to another in order to reach varied audiences. Academic translators specialize in or are familiar with various other disciplines such as technology, science, law, economics, etc.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_linguistics">Clinical linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Clinical linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clinical linguistics">Clinical linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Clinical linguistics is the application of linguistic theory to the field of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech-language_pathology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speech-language pathology">speech-language pathology</a>. Speech language pathologists work on corrective measures to treat <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_disorders" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Communication disorders">communication</a> and swallowing disorders.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Chaika (1990) showed that people with schizophrenia who display speech disorders like rhyming inappropriately have attentional dysfunction, as when a patient was shown a color chip and then asked to identify it, responded "looks like clay. Sounds like gray. Take you for a roll in the hay. Heyday, May Day." The color chip was actually clay-colored, so his first response was correct.'</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, most people suppress or ignore words which rhyme with what they've said unless they are deliberately producing a pun, poem or rap. Even then, the speaker shows connection between words chosen for rhyme and an overall meaning in discourse. People with schizophrenia with speech dysfunction show no such relation between rhyme and reason. Some even produce stretches of gibberish combined with recognizable words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Computational_linguistics">Computational linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Computational linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Computational linguistics is the study of linguistic issues in a way that is "computationally responsible", i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Evolutionary linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Evolutionary linguistics is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sociobiology">sociobiological</a> approach to analyzing the emergence of the language faculty through human evolution, and also the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is also a study of the dispersal of various languages across the globe, through movements among ancient communities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_note-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Forensic_linguistics">Forensic linguistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Forensic linguistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic linguistics</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic analysis to forensics. Forensic analysis investigates the style, language, lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also used their expertise in the framework of criminal cases.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright" role="navigation" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); 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color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_engineering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language engineering">Language engineering</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_geography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metalinguistics">Metalinguistics</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacommunicative_competence" style="background: none; 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overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index of linguistics articles</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_departments_of_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of departments of linguistics">List of departments of linguistics</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_summer_schools_of_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of summer schools of linguistics">List of summer schools of linguistics</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of schools of linguistics">List of schools of linguistics</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of unsolved problems in linguistics">List of unsolved problems in linguistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHallidayJonathan_Webster2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Halliday" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Halliday">Halliday, Michael A.K.</a>; Jonathan Webster (2006). <i>On Language and Linguistics</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. vii. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8824-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8824-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-8824-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8824-4&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.K.&rft.au=Jonathan+Webster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/what-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What is Linguistics? | Linguistic Society of America"</a>. <i>www.linguisticsociety.org</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208131649/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/what-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linguisticsociety.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Linguistics%3F+%7C+Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fwhat-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-:0_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-:0_3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-:0_3-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrystal1981" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Crystal, David (1981). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610496980" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Clinical linguistics</i></a>. Wien: Springer-Verlag. p. 3. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-4001-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-4001-7"><bdi>978-3-7091-4001-7</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610496980" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">610496980</a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">What are the implications of the term "science" encountered in the definition on p. 1? Four aims of the scientific approach to language, often cited in introductory works on the subject, are comprehensiveness, objectivity, systematicness and precision. The contrast is usually drawn with the essentially non-scientific approach of traditional language studies—by which is meant the whole history of ideas about language from Plato and Aristotle down to the nineteenth century study of language history (comparative philology).</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+linguistics&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610496980&rft.isbn=978-3-7091-4001-7&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F610496980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Concepts, origin, and Noam Chomsky's contribution to linguistics | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401214323/https://www.britannica.com/summary/linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Concepts%2C+origin%2C+and+Noam+Chomsky%27s+contribution+to+linguistics+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2Flinguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-linguisticsociety.org-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-linguisticsociety.org_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-linguisticsociety.org_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/studying-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Studying Linguistics | Linguistic Society of America"</a>. <i>www.linguisticsociety.org</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308052138/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/studying-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linguisticsociety.org&rft.atitle=Studying+Linguistics+%7C+Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fresource%2Fstudying-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-akmajian-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-akmajian_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-akmajian_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAdrian_AkmajianRichard_A._DemersAnn_K._FarmerRobert_M._Harnish2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Adrian Akmajian; Richard A. Demers; Ann K. Farmer; Robert M. Harnish (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214215844/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Linguistics</i></a> (6th ed.). The MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51370-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51370-8"><bdi>978-0-262-51370-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 14 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51370-8&rft.au=Adrian+Akmajian&rft.au=Richard+A.+Demers&rft.au=Ann+K.+Farmer&rft.au=Robert+M.+Harnish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fitem%2Fexamrequest.asp%3Fttype%3D2%26tid%3D12240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Linguistics Program - Linguistics Program | University of South Carolina"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606230152/https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 June</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistics+Program+-+Linguistics+Program+%26%23124%3B+University+of+South+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsc.edu%2Fstudy%2Fcolleges_schools%2Fartsandsciences%2Flinguistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.globelanguage.org/theoretical-linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Theoretical Linguistics"</a>. <i>globelanguage.org</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114346/https://www.globelanguage.org/theoretical-linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globelanguage.org&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globelanguage.org%2Ftheoretical-linguistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-applied-linguistics-1689126" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Fields of Applied Linguistics"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521222448/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-applied-linguistics-1689126" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fields+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhat-is-applied-linguistics-1689126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFrancis" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Francis, Alexandre. <i>Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia</i>. SAGE Publishing. pp. 184–187. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412999632" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412999632"><bdi>978-1412999632</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+in+Social+and+Cultural+Anthropology%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=184-187&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1412999632&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Philosophy of Linguistics"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214225442/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Linguistics&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flinguistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCampbell1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Campbell, Lyle (1998). <i>Historical Linguistics: An Introduction</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 391. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4601-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4601-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-4601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4601-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians." <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAmsterdamska1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Amsterdamska, Olga (1987). <a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-3759-8_2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Schools of Thought: The Development of Linguistics from Bopp to Saussure</i></a>. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 32–62. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-3759-8_2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-94-009-3759-8_2</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-3759-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-3759-8"><bdi>978-94-009-3759-8</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415012142/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-3759-8_2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schools+of+Thought%3A+The+Development+of+Linguistics+from+Bopp+to+Saussure&rft.pages=32-62&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Dordrecht&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-3759-8_2&rft.isbn=978-94-009-3759-8&rft.aulast=Amsterdamska&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-94-009-3759-8_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKosur2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kosur, Heather Marie (27 April 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://parentingpatch.com/subfields-linguistics-defined-phonetics-phonology-morphology-syntax-semantics-pragmatics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Subfields of Linguistics Defined: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics"</a>. <i>LinguisticsGirl</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LinguisticsGirl&rft.atitle=Subfields+of+Linguistics+Defined%3A+Phonetics%2C+Phonology%2C+Morphology%2C+Syntax%2C+Semantics%2C+Pragmatics&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft.aulast=Kosur&rft.aufirst=Heather+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparentingpatch.com%2Fsubfields-linguistics-defined-phonetics-phonology-morphology-syntax-semantics-pragmatics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Modern_Science_-_Linguistics_15-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.historyofcreativity.com/mid131/modern-science--linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Modern Science - Linguistics"</a>. <i>The History of Creativity</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003142550/https://www.historyofcreativity.com/mid131/modern-science--linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Creativity&rft.atitle=Modern+Science+-+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcreativity.com%2Fmid131%2Fmodern-science--linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Routledge_introduction-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Routledge_introduction_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Routledge_introduction_16-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics." In. <i>The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics</i> Routledge p. 25.</span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFQuiles2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Quiles, Carlos (29 December 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://indo-european.eu/2019/12/early-uralic-indo-european-contacts-within-europe/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Early Uralic – Indo-European contacts within Europe"</a>. <i>Indo-European.eu</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707073955/https://indo-european.eu/2019/12/early-uralic-indo-european-contacts-within-europe/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indo-European.eu&rft.atitle=Early+Uralic+%E2%80%93+Indo-European+contacts+within+Europe&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft.aulast=Quiles&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findo-european.eu%2F2019%2F12%2Fearly-uralic-indo-european-contacts-within-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBaldi2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Baldi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip Baldi">Baldi, Philip</a> (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717020630/http://www.personal.psu.edu/ped10/Giuli_Dussias/Publications/External/Baldi_Dussias_Rhesis_2012_GD_09_13_2012.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rheis, International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 5–27. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/ped10/Giuli_Dussias/Publications/External/Baldi_Dussias_Rhesis_2012_GD_09_13_2012.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2022.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheis%2C+International+Journal+of+Linguistics%2C+Philology+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Historical+Linguistics+and+Cognitive+Science&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baldi&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.psu.edu%2Fped10%2FGiuli_Dussias%2FPublications%2FExternal%2FBaldi_Dussias_Rhesis_2012_GD_09_13_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span> p. 11.</span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://benjaminbarber.org/history-of-historical-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"History of Historical Linguistics Essay on History, Linguistics"</a>. <i>Essay Examples</i>. 11 August 2019. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002042131/https://benjaminbarber.org/history-of-historical-linguistics/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essay+Examples&rft.atitle=History+of+Historical+Linguistics+Essay+on+History%2C+Linguistics&rft.date=2019-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjaminbarber.org%2Fhistory-of-historical-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Acadmia_Morphology-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Acadmia_Morphology_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Acadmia_Morphology_20-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFábregas2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fábregas, Antonio (January 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/529248" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented morphology"</a>. <i>Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114350/https://www.academia.edu/529248" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unpublished+Ph.+D.+Dissertation.+Madrid%3A+Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+the+grammatical+category+in+a+syntactically+oriented+morphology&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=F%C3%A1bregas&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F529248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFTamesis" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tamesis, Dante. <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4718368" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Morphology"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114350/https://www.academia.edu/4718368" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morphology&rft.aulast=Tamesis&rft.aufirst=Dante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4718368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilson-Fowler,_E.B.2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wilson-Fowler, E.B., & Apel, K. (2015). "Influence of Morphological Awareness on College Students' Literacy Skills: A path Analytic Approach". <i>Journal of Literacy Research</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 405–32. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1086296x15619730" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1177/1086296x15619730</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142149285" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">142149285</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Literacy+Research&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Morphological+Awareness+on+College+Students%27+Literacy+Skills%3A+A+path+Analytic+Approach&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-32&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1086296x15619730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142149285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson-Fowler%2C+E.B.&rft.aufirst=%26+Apel%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFStewart2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Stewart, Carson (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YJJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Polysynthetic+languages%2C+such+as+Chukchi%2C+have+words+composed+of+many+morphemes.&pg=PA123" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>History of the English Language</i></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1839472985" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1839472985"><bdi>978-1839472985</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+English+Language&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1839472985&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Carson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YJJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPolysynthetic%2Blanguages%252C%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BChukchi%252C%2Bhave%2Bwords%2Bcomposed%2Bof%2Bmany%2Bmorphemes.%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEmmanuel" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Emmanuel, Ortese. <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6502550" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"In linguistics"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114350/https://www.academia.edu/6502550" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+linguistics&rft.aulast=Emmanuel&rft.aufirst=Ortese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6502550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Mey-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Mey_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Mey_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mey, Jacob L. (1993) <i>Pragmatics: An Introduction</i>. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).</span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/meaning-semantics-and-pragmatics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Meaning (Semantics and Pragmatics) | Linguistic Society of America"</a>. <i>www.linguisticsociety.org</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924233822/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/meaning-semantics-and-pragmatics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linguisticsociety.org&rft.atitle=Meaning+%28Semantics+and+Pragmatics%29+%7C+Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fresource%2Fmeaning-semantics-and-pragmatics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFShaozhong" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shaozhong, Liu. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307222541/http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu/definition.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What is pragmatics?"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu/definition.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 7 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+pragmatics%3F&rft.aulast=Shaozhong&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gxnu.edu.cn%2FPersonal%2Fszliu%2Fdefinition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/pragmatics-language-1691654" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What Is Pragmatics?"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014184811/https://www.thoughtco.com/pragmatics-language-1691654" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Is+Pragmatics%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fpragmatics-language-1691654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSzczegielniak" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Szczegielniak, Adam, <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/adam/files/phonology.ppt.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Introduction to Linguistic Theory – Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, Harvard University, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153405/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/adam/files/phonology.ppt.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Linguistic+Theory+%E2%80%93+Phonology%3A+The+Sound+Patterns+of+Language&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.aulast=Szczegielniak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fadam%2Ffiles%2Fphonology.ppt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Linguistic_typology_:12-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Linguistic_typology_:12_30-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFerguson1959" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ferguson, Charles A. (1959). <a class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Diglossia"</a>. <i>WORD (Worcester)</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 325–340. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1959.11659702" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7956" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0043-7956</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239352211" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">239352211</a> – via Tandfonline-com.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD+%28Worcester%29&rft.atitle=Diglossia&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=325-340&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239352211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0043-7956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1959.11659702&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1959.11659702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plungyan, V. A. (2011). Modern linguistic typology. <i>Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 81</i>(2), 101-113. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1019331611020158" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1134/S1019331611020158</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSelbach2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Selbach, Rachel (2008). "The superstrate is not always the lexifier: Lingua Franca in the Barbary Coast 1530—1830". In Michaelis, Susanne (ed.). <i>Roots of creole structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates</i>. Creole Language Library. Vol. 33.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+superstrate+is+not+always+the+lexifier%3A+Lingua+Franca+in+the+Barbary+Coast+1530%E2%80%941830&rft.btitle=Roots+of+creole+structures%3A+Weighing+the+contribution+of+substrates+and+superstrates&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Selbach&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://public.oed.com/help/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Help"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407071332/https://public.oed.com/help/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.oed.com%2Fhelp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLippi-Green2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lippi-Green, Rosina (2012). <i>English with an accent: Language, ideology and discrimination in the United States</i>. Routledge.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+with+an+accent%3A+Language%2C+ideology+and+discrimination+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lippi-Green&rft.aufirst=Rosina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, P. (1994). Dialects. <i>Ebooks Online</i> Routledge. Florence, KY.</span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFFishman1967" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fishman, Joshua (1967). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Sociolinguistics/DiglossiaFishman" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fishman's (1967) Concept of Diglossia"</a>. <i>Universität Osnabrück</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153023/http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Sociolinguistics/DiglossiaFishman" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Osnabr%C3%BCck&rft.atitle=Fishman%27s+%281967%29+Concept+of+Diglossia&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ello.uos.de%2Ffield.php%2FSociolinguistics%2FDiglossiaFishman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFJoseph2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Joseph, John (18 October 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mult.1984.3.2.87/pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The engineering of a standard language"</a>. <i>Degruyter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Degruyter&rft.atitle=The+engineering+of+a+standard+language&rft.date=2009-10-18&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fmult.1984.3.2.87%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFA._Fishman1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">A. Fishman, Joshua (April 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25743987" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"SOCIOLINGUISTIC FOUNDATIONS OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION"</a>. <i>Jstor</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153019/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25743987" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jstor&rft.atitle=SOCIOLINGUISTIC+FOUNDATIONS+OF+BILINGUAL+EDUCATION&rft.date=1982-04&rft.aulast=A.+Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25743987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDerrida,_Jacques1978" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Derrida, Jacques (1978). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingdifferenc00derr_0" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Writing and Difference</i></a></span>. Translated by Alan Bass. University of Chicago Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14329-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14329-3"><bdi>978-0-226-14329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Difference&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14329-3&rft.au=Derrida%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingdifferenc00derr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFLea2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lea, Richard (18 November 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/nov/18/philosophy" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Relative Thinking"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925000700/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/nov/18/philosophy" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 December</span>2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Relative+Thinking&rft.date=2004-11-18&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2004%2Fnov%2F18%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All references in this article to the study of sound should be taken to include the manual and non-manual signs used in sign languages.</span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i> (2nd ed.), 2013. Andrew Carnie. Blackwell Publishing.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio_43-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Meaning_and_Grammar:_An_Introductio_43-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChierchia,_GennaroSally_McConnell-Ginet2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chierchia, Gennaro & Sally McConnell-Ginet (2000). <i>Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics</i>. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53164-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53164-1"><bdi>978-0-262-53164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning+and+Grammar%3A+An+Introduction+to+Semantics&rft.pub=MIT+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53164-1&rft.au=Chierchia%2C+Gennaro&rft.au=Sally+McConnell-Ginet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAriel2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ariel, Mira (2009). "Discourse, grammar, discourse". <i>Discourse Studies</i>. <b>11</b>(1): 5–36. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461445608098496" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1177/1461445608098496</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049745" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24049745</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62686879" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">62686879</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse+Studies&rft.atitle=Discourse%2C+grammar%2C+discourse&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-36&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62686879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1461445608098496&rft.aulast=Ariel&rft.aufirst=Mira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leckie-Tarry, Helen (1995). <i>Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 6. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85567-272-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-85567-272-3">1-85567-272-3</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFZuckermann2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781403917232" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2ff. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1723-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1723-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-1723-2</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827112758/http://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781403917232" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+and+Lexical+Enrichment+in+Israeli+Hebrew&rft.pages=2ff&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1723-2&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fgb%2Fbook%2F9781403917232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220434/http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>"Stylistics" by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49. <i>Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Stylistics%22+by+Joybrato+Mukherjee.+Chapter+49.+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-giessen.de%2Fanglistik%2Fling%2FStaff%2Fmukherjee%2Fpdfs%2FStylistics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRichards,_I._A.1965" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Richards, I. A. (1965). <i>The Philosophy of Rhetoric</i>. Oxford University Press (New York).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Rhetoric&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28New+York%29&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Richards%2C+I.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrida, Jacques (1967). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_and_Difference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Writing and Difference">Writing and Difference</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Grammatology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 1, section 1.1 in <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAntonsen,_Elmer_H.2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Antonsen, Elmer H. (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvSi3JVNRFQC" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Trends in Linguistics: Runes and Germanic Linguistics</i></a> (6th ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017462-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017462-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017462-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Runes+and+Germanic+Linguistics&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017462-5&rft.au=Antonsen%2C+Elmer+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvSi3JVNRFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNöth1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_N%C3%B6th" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Winfried Nöth">Nöth, Winfried</a> (1990). <i>Handbook of Semiotics</i>. Indiana University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20959-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20959-7"><bdi>978-0-253-20959-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Semiotics&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20959-7&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6th&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHjelmslev1969" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Hjelmslev, Louis</a> (1969) [First published 1943]. <i>Prolegomena to a Theory of Language</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-02470-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-02470-9"><bdi>0-299-02470-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+a+Theory+of+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-299-02470-9&rft.aulast=Hjelmslev&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFde_Saussure1959" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure, Ferdinand</a> (1959) [First published 1916]. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808231716/https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Course in General Linguistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15727-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15727-8"><bdi>978-0-231-15727-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2019.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Course+in+General+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Philosophical+Library%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15727-8&rft.aulast=de+Saussure&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2F0%2F0b%2FSaussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-humanistic-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-humanistic_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAustin2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Austin, Patrik (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43545-021-00085-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Theory of language: a taxonomy"</a>. <i>SN Social Sciences</i>. <b>1</b> (3). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43545-021-00085-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SN+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Theory+of+language%3A+a+taxonomy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs43545-021-00085-x&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Patrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs43545-021-00085-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSchäfer2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schäfer, Roland (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=620310" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen (2nd ed.)</i></a>. Berlin: Language Science Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-537504-95-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-537504-95-7"><bdi>978-1-537504-95-7</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728232919/http://oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=620310" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+grammatische+Beschreibung+des+Deutschen+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-537504-95-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oapen.org%2Fdownload%3Ftype%3Ddocument%26docid%3D620310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHallidayMatthiessen2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._K._Halliday" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="M. A. K. Halliday">Halliday, M. A. K.</a>; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.uel.br/projetos/ppcat/pages/arquivos/RESOURCES/2004_HALLIDAY_MATTHIESSEN_An_Introduction_to_Functional_Grammar.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. London: Hodder. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-76167-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-76167-9"><bdi>0-340-76167-9</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303145809/http://www.uel.br/projetos/ppcat/pages/arquivos/RESOURCES/2004_HALLIDAY_MATTHIESSEN_An_Introduction_to_Functional_Grammar.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Functional+Grammar+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-340-76167-9&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+K.&rft.au=Matthiessen%2C+Christian+M.+I.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uel.br%2Fprojetos%2Fppcat%2Fpages%2Farquivos%2FRESOURCES%2F2004_HALLIDAY_MATTHIESSEN_An_Introduction_to_Functional_Grammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDaneš1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Daneš, František (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.). <i>Functionalism in Linguistics</i>. John Benjamins. pp. 3–38. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1524-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1524-6"><bdi>978-90-272-1524-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Prague+school+functionalism+in+linguistics&rft.btitle=Functionalism+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=3-38&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1524-6&rft.aulast=Dane%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEveraertHuybregtsChomskyBerwick2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Everaert, Martin; Huybregts, Marinus A. C.; Chomsky, Noam; Berwick, Robert C.; Bolhuis, Johan J. (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283666865" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences"</a>. <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>19</b> (12): 729–743. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2015.09.008" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F329610" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1874/329610</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26564247" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">26564247</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3648651" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3648651</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426220054/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283666865" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Structures%2C+not+strings%3A+linguistics+as+part+of+the+cognitive+sciences&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=729-743&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F329610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3648651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26564247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tics.2015.09.008&rft.aulast=Everaert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Huybregts%2C+Marinus+A.+C.&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+Noam&rft.au=Berwick%2C+Robert+C.&rft.au=Bolhuis%2C+Johan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283666865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChomsky2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (2015). <i>The Minimalist Program (2nd ed.)</i>. MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52734-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52734-7"><bdi>978-0-262-52734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minimalist+Program+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52734-7&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Arbib_2015-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Arbib_2015_60-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFArbib2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arbib, Michael A. (2015). "Language evolution – an emergentist perspective". In MacWhinney and O'Grady (ed.). <i>Handbook of Language Emergence</i>. Wiley. pp. 81–109. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34613-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34613-6"><bdi>978-1-118-34613-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+evolution+%E2%80%93+an+emergentist+perspective&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+Emergence&rft.pages=81-109&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34613-6&rft.aulast=Arbib&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTobin2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tobin, Vera (2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/37200544/WhereDoCognitiveBiases.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Where do cognitive biases fit into cognitive linguistics?"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. In Borkent (ed.). <i>Language and the Creative Mind</i>. Chicago University Press. pp. 347–363. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8643-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8643-7"><bdi>978-90-272-8643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+do+cognitive+biases+fit+into+cognitive+linguistics%3F&rft.btitle=Language+and+the+Creative+Mind&rft.pages=347-363&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8643-7&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F37200544%2FWhereDoCognitiveBiases.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Ibarretxe-Antu%C3%B1ano_2002_62-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFIbarretxe-Antuñano2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272507067" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor"</a>. <i>Miscelánea</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 93–119. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427042118/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272507067_MIND-AS-BODY_as_a_Cross-linguistic_Conceptual_Metaphor" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miscel%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=MIND-AS-BODY+as+a+Cross-linguistic+Conceptual+Metaphor&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-119&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ibarretxe-Antu%C3%B1ano&rft.aufirst=Iraide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272507067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Gibbs&Colston_1995-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Gibbs&Colston_1995_63-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGibbsColston1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gibbs, R. W.; Colston, H. (1995). "The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations". <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 347–378. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcogl.1995.6.4.347" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144424435" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">144424435</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+cognitive+psychological+reality+of+image+schemas+and+their+transformations&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=347-378&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fcogl.1995.6.4.347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144424435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft.au=Colston%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPleyerWinters2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pleyer, Michael; Winters, James (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/THS/article/viewFile/ths-2014-002/4967" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Integrating cognitive linguistics and language evolution research"</a>. <i>Theoria et Historia Scientiarum</i>. <b>11</b>: 19–44. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2Fths-2014-002" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.12775/ths-2014-002</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309004449/https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/THS/article/viewFile/ths-2014-002/4967" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoria+et+Historia+Scientiarum&rft.atitle=Integrating+cognitive+linguistics+and+language+evolution+research&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=19-44&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12775%2Fths-2014-002&rft.aulast=Pleyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Winters%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapcz.umk.pl%2Fczasopisma%2Findex.php%2FTHS%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2Fths-2014-002%2F4967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEvansGreen2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Evans, Vyvyan; Green, Melanie (2006). <i>Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction</i>. Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1831-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1831-7"><bdi>0-7486-1831-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Linguistics.+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7486-1831-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Vyvyan&rft.au=Green%2C+Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCroft2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Croft" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Croft">Croft, William</a> (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/LaLoiDeGrimm/annurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Evolutionary linguistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>37</b>: 219–234. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.085156" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225122332/http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/LaLoiDeGrimm/annurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+linguistics&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=219-234&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.085156&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhalifax.ca%2Fmagazine%2Fwp-content%2Fsciences%2FLaLoiDeGrimm%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCornishTamarizKirby2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kirby" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simon Kirby">Cornish, Hanna</a>; Tamariz, Monica; Kirby, Simon (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/8777212/complex_adaptive_systems.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive structure: what experiments can tell us"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Learning</i>. <b>59</b>: 187–205. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9922.2009.00540.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56199987" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">56199987</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112190847/https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/8777212/complex_adaptive_systems.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Learning&rft.atitle=Complex+adaptive+systems+and+the+origins+of+adaptive+structure%3A+what+experiments+can+tell+us&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=187-205&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9922.2009.00540.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56199987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cornish&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft.au=Tamariz%2C+Monica&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F8777212%2Fcomplex_adaptive_systems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSinnemäkiDi_Garbo2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sinnemäki, Kaius; Di Garbo, Francesca (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6102949" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>9</b>: 187–205. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.01141" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6102949" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6102949</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30154738" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">30154738</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Language+Structures+May+Adapt+to+the+Sociolinguistic+Environment%2C+but+It+Matters+What+and+How+You+Count%3A+A+Typological+Study+of+Verbal+and+Nominal+Complexity&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=187-205&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6102949%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30154738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.01141&rft.aulast=Sinnem%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Kaius&rft.au=Di+Garbo%2C+Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6102949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dahl_2001-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Dahl_2001_69-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDahl2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dahl, Östen (2001). "Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions". <i>RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation</i>. <b>14</b>: 91–134.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RASK+%E2%80%93+Internationalt+Tidsskrift+for+Sprog+og+Kommunikation&rft.atitle=Grammaticalization+and+the+life+cycles+of+constructions&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=91-134&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kirby_2013-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Kirby_2013_70-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKirby2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kirby, Simon (2013). "Transitions: the evolution of linguistic replicators". In Binder; Smith (eds.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.labex-whoami.fr/images/documents/kirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Language Phenomenon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. The Frontiers Collection. Springer. pp. 121–138. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-36086-2_6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-36085-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-36085-5"><bdi>978-3-642-36085-5</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626142916/http://www.labex-whoami.fr/images/documents/kirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transitions%3A+the+evolution+of+linguistic+replicators&rft.btitle=The+Language+Phenomenon&rft.series=The+Frontiers+Collection&rft.pages=121-138&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-36086-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-36085-5&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labex-whoami.fr%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2Fkirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Zehentner_2019-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Zehentner_2019_71-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFZehentner2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zehentner, Eva (2019). <i>Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063385-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063385-6"><bdi>978-3-11-063385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+in+Language+Change%3A+the+Rise+of+the+English+Dative+Alternation&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-063385-6&rft.aulast=Zehentner&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-MacWhinney_2015-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-MacWhinney_2015_72-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMacWhinney2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">MacWhinney, Brian (2015). "Introduction – language emergence". In MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (eds.). <i>Handbook of Language Emergence</i>. Wiley. pp. 1–31. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34613-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34613-6"><bdi>978-1-118-34613-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+language+emergence&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+Emergence&rft.pages=1-31&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34613-6&rft.aulast=MacWhinney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNettle1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daniel Nettle">Nettle, Daniel</a> (1999). "Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics". In Darnell (ed.). <i>Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1</i>. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 41. John Benjamins. pp. 445–468. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fslcs.41.21net" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1075/slcs.41.21net</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-927-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-927-1"><bdi>978-1-55619-927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functionalism+and+its+difficulties+in+biology+and+linguistics&rft.btitle=Functionalism+and+Formalism+in+linguistics%2C+1&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Companion+Series&rft.pages=445-468&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fslcs.41.21net&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-927-1&rft.aulast=Nettle&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFCroft2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Croft" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Croft">Croft, William</a> (2015). "Functional Approaches to Grammar". <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 6323–6330. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5"><bdi>978-0-08-097087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+Approaches+to+Grammar&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=6323-6330&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8&rft.isbn=978-0-08-097087-5&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Martinet-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Martinet_75-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMartinet1960" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Martinet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="André Martinet">Martinet, André</a> (1960). <i>Elements of General Linguistics</i>. Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert. London: Faber. p. 15.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+General+Linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studies+in+General+Linguistics%2C+vol.+i.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Martinet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/276524030/Linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Linguistics | PDF | Lexicon | Linguistics"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610154643/https://www.scribd.com/document/276524030/Linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistics+%26%23124%3B+PDF+%26%23124%3B+Lexicon+%26%23124%3B+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F276524030%2FLinguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRens_Bod2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rens_Bod" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rens Bod">Rens Bod</a> (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaOcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966521-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966521-1"><bdi>978-0-19-966521-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Humanities%3A+The+Search+for+Principles+and+Patterns+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966521-1&rft.au=Rens+Bod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaOcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette02hunt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature"</a>. <i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India</i>. Vol. 2. 1908. p. 263.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VI%3A+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pages=263&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialgazette02hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0"</a>. <i>panini.phil.hhu.de</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005527/http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vasu (Tr.) (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.)</i></a>. Vedic Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0409-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0409-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0409-8</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172935/http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashtadhyayi+of+Panini+%282+Vols.%29&rft.pub=Vedic+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0409-8&rft.au=S.C.+Vasu+%28Tr.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedicbooks.net%2Fashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPennKiparski" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Penn, Gerald; Kiparski, Paul. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005455/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of COLING 2012</i>: 943–950. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 15 April 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+COLING+2012&rft.atitle=On+Panini+and+the+Generative+Capacity+of+Contextualised+Replacement+Systems&rft.pages=943-950&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Kiparski%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclweb.org%2Fanthology%2FC12-2092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Etymonline_Definition_of_Philology_82-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHarper" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harper, Douglas. <a class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=philology" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"philology"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=philology&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dphilology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Introduction:_Philology_in_a_Manuscript_Culture_by_Stephen_G._Nichols_(Vol._65,_No._1)_(Jan_1990),_pp._1–10._Published_by_Medieval_Academy_of_America.-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Introduction:_Philology_in_a_Manuscript_Culture_by_Stephen_G._Nichols_(Vol._65,_No._1)_(Jan_1990),_pp._1%E2%80%9310._Published_by_Medieval_Academy_of_America._83-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNichols1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nichols, Stephen G. (1990). "Introduction: Philology in a Manuscript Culture". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 1–10. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2864468" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/2864468</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2864468" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2864468</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154631850" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">154631850</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Philology+in+a+Manuscript+Culture&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154631850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2864468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2864468&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Understanding-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Understanding_84-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Understanding_84-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcMahon1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McMahon, A.M.S. (1994). <i>Understanding Language Change</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 19. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44665-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44665-5"><bdi>978-0-521-44665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Language+Change&rft.pages=9%2C+19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44665-5&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=A.M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMorpurgo_Davies1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morpurgo Davies, A. (1998). <i>Nineteenth-Century Linguistics</i>. History of Linguistics. Vol. 4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Linguistics&rft.series=History+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Morpurgo+Davies&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-etymonline_linguist-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-etymonline_linguist_86-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-etymonline_linguist_86-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHarper" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harper, Douglas. <a class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=linguist" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"linguist"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=linguist&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dlinguist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSpolskyHult2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Spolsky, Bernard; Hult, Francis M. (February 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nc6nRRbMSQC&pg=PA13" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Handbook of Educational Linguistics</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3104-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3104-2"><bdi>978-1-4443-3104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Educational+Linguistics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3104-2&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Hult%2C+Francis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nc6nRRbMSQC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBerns2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Berns, Margie (20 March 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUMqGSbeEXAC&pg=PA23" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 23–25. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096503-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096503-1"><bdi>978-0-08-096503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-08-096503-1&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Margie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUMqGSbeEXAC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/science-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Science of Linguistics"</a>. <i>Linguistic Society of America</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192211/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/science-linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 April</span> 2018</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Modern linguists approach their work with a scientific perspective, although they use methods that used to be thought of as solely an academic discipline of the humanities. Contrary to previous belief, linguistics is multidisciplinary. It overlaps each of the human sciences including psychology, neurology, anthropology, and sociology. Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fresource%2Fscience-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behme, Christina; Neef, Martin. <i><a class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/PITWKO" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Essays on Linguistic Realism</a></i> (2018). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 7–20</span></li><li id="cite_note-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrystal1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (1990). <i>Linguistics</i>. Penguin Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013531-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013531-2"><bdi>978-0-14-013531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013531-2&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-American_Heritage_2000-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-American_Heritage_2000_92-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Linguist"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2000. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4"><bdi>978-0-395-82517-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguist&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-82517-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage0000unse_a1o7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#CITEREFBloomfield1983" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bloomfield 1983</a>, p. 307.</span></li><li id="cite_note-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSeuren,_Pieter_A._M.1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998). <i>Western linguistics: An historical introduction</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2–24. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20891-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20891-4"><bdi>978-0-631-20891-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+linguistics%3A+An+historical+introduction&rft.pages=2-24&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20891-4&rft.au=Seuren%2C+Pieter+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#CITEREFBloomfield1983" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bloomfield 1983</a>, p. 308.</span></li><li id="cite_note-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#CITEREFBloomfield1983" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bloomfield 1983</a>, p. 310.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Bloomfield_1914_311-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Bloomfield_1914_311_97-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Bloomfield_1914_311_97-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#CITEREFBloomfield1983" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bloomfield 1983</a>, p. 311.</span></li><li id="cite_note-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMariënManto2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mariën, Peter; Manto, Mario (25 October 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12311-017-0894-1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cerebellum as a Master-Piece for Linguistic Predictability"</a>. <i>Cerebellum (London, England)</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 101–03. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12311-017-0894-1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s12311-017-0894-1</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1473-4230" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1473-4230</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29071518" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">29071518</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cerebellum+%28London%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=Cerebellum+as+a+Master-Piece+for+Linguistic+Predictability&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-03&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.issn=1473-4230&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29071518&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12311-017-0894-1&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%ABn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Manto%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12311-017-0894-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarbara_Seidlhofer2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barbara Seidlhofer (2003). <i>Controversies in Applied Linguistics (pp. 288)</i>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-437444-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-437444-6"><bdi>978-0-19-437444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversies+in+Applied+Linguistics+%28pp.+288%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-437444-6&rft.au=Barbara+Seidlhofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Linguistic_Analysis-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-Linguistic_Analysis_100-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEades2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Eades, Diana (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083553/http://songchau.googlepages.com/503.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Applied Linguistics and Language Analysis in Asylum Seeker Cases"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 503–26. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fapplin%2Fami021" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/applin/ami021</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://songchau.googlepages.com/503.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Applied+Linguistics+and+Language+Analysis+in+Asylum+Seeker+Cases&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503-26&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fapplin%2Fami021&rft.aulast=Eades&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsongchau.googlepages.com%2F503.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himmelman, Nikolaus "Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for?" in P. Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus P Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel. (2006) <i>Essentials of Language documentation</i>. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York.</span></li><li id="cite_note-102" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaika, Elaine Ostrach. 1990. Understanding Psychotic Speech: Between Freud and Chomsky. Chas. Thomas Publishers.</span></li><li id="cite_note-103" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics#cite_ref-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCroft2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Croft, William (October 2008). "Evolutionary Linguistics". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>37</b>: 219–34. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.085156" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Linguistics&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=219-34&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.085156&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2; font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAkmajian,_AdrianDemers,_RichardFarmer,_AnnHarnish,_Robert2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert (2010). <i>Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication</i>. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51370-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51370-8"><bdi>978-0-262-51370-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Language+and+Communication&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51370-8&rft.au=Akmajian%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Demers%2C+Richard&rft.au=Farmer%2C+Ann&rft.au=Harnish%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAronoff,_MarkRees-Miller,_Janie2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds. (2000). <i>The handbook of linguistics</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBloomfield1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bloomfield, Leonard (1983) [1914]. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MN3YkwOgNYC&pg=PA307" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>An Introduction to the Study of Language</i></a>(New ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8047-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8047-3"><bdi>978-90-272-8047-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Language&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8047-3&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MN3YkwOgNYC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChomsky1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chomsky, Noam (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onlanguagechomsk00chom" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>On Language</i></a>. The New Press, New York. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-475-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-475-9"><bdi>978-1-56584-475-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Language&rft.pub=The+New+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-475-9&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonlanguagechomsk00chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrystal1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Crystal, David (1990). <i>Linguistics</i>. Penguin Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013531-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013531-2"><bdi>978-0-14-013531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013531-2&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDerrida1967" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Derrida, Jacques (1967). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ofgrammatology00derr" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Of Grammatology</i></a>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5830-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5830-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Grammatology&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5830-7&rft.aulast=Derrida&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofgrammatology00derr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHall2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hall, Christopher (2005). <i>An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell</i>. Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8734-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8734-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-8734-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Language+and+Linguistics%3A+Breaking+the+Language+Spell&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8734-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFIsacCharles_Reiss2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966017-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966017-9"><bdi>978-0-19-966017-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I-language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Science&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966017-9&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Charles+Reiss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.concordia.ca%2Fi-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPinker1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pinker, Steven (1994). <i>The Language Instinct</i>. William Morrow and Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017529-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017529-5"><bdi>978-0-14-017529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Instinct&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017529-5&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&section=42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about<br /><b>Linguistics</b><hr style="background-color: #a2a9b1; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px; overflow: visible;" /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=linguistics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">Resources in your library</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=linguistics&library=0CHOOSE0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://linguistlist.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Linguist List</a>, a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Glossary of linguistic terms</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210081627/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 10 February 2013 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIL_International" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SIL International">SIL International</a> (last updated 2004)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Glottopedia</a>, MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126121113/http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Linguistic sub-fields</a> – according to the Linguistic Society of America</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Linguistics and language-related <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wiki">wiki</a> articles on <a class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Language" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Scholarpedia</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Citizendium</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://personal.unizar.es/garciala/bibliography.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Linguistics" section</a> – A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J.A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFIsacCharles_Reiss2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ilanguageintrodu00dani" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953420-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953420-3"><bdi>978-0-19-953420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I-language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Science&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953420-3&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Charles+Reiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filanguageintrodu00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistics"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; 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margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a> (also NLP).</div><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightblue; 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text-align: left;">Organisations</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neuro-linguistic_programming" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Neuro-linguistic programming"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Neuro-linguistic_programming" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Neuro-linguistic programming"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Neuro-linguistic_programming&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #3366cc; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Neuro-linguistic programming</b> (<b>NLP</b>) is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientific" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> approach to communication, personal development and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, that first appeared in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bandler" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bandler">Richard Bandler</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grinder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Grinder">John Grinder</a>'s 1975 book <i>The Structure of Magic I</i>. NLP claims that there is a connection between neurological processes (<i>neuro-</i>), language (<i>linguistic</i>) and acquired behavioral patterns (<i>programming</i>), and that these can be changed to achieve specific goals in life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tosey_&_Mathison_2006_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Tosey_&_Mathison_2006-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP can treat problems such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phobia">phobias</a>, depression, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_disorder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tic disorder">tic disorders</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosomatic_illness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychosomatic illness">psychosomatic illnesses</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-sightedness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Near-sightedness">near-sightedness</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allergy">allergy</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common cold">common cold</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disorder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Learning disorder">learning disorders</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-What_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-What-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Whispering_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Whispering-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> often in a single session. They also claim that NLP can "model" the skills of exceptional people, allowing anyone to acquire them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Pages: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Change_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Change-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NLP has been adopted by some <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotherapist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypnotherapist">hypnotherapists</a>, as well as by companies that run seminars marketed as "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_training" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leadership training">leadership training</a>" to businesses and government agencies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dowlen_1996_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dowlen_1996-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Von_Bergen_1997_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Von_Bergen_1997-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There is no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> supporting the claims made by NLP advocates, and it has been called a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thyer_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Thyer-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Sharpley_1987-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Scientific reviews have shown that NLP is based on outdated metaphors of the brain's inner workings that are inconsistent with current neurological theory, and contain numerous factual errors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Von_Bergen_1997_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Von_Bergen_1997-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Druckman_2004_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Druckman_2004-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Reviews also found that research that favored NLP contained significant methodological flaws, and that there were three times as many studies of a much higher quality that failed to reproduce the "extraordinary claims" made by Bandler, Grinder, and other NLP practitioners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Sharpley_1987-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_development">Early development</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP comprises a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methodology">methodology</a> termed <i>modeling</i>, plus a set of techniques that they derived from its initial applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> Of such methods that are considered fundamental, they derived many from the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Satir" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Erickson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Milton Erickson">Milton Erickson</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Perls" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frogs_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-frogs-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bandler and Grinder also drew upon the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific theory">theories</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred Korzybski">Alfred Korzybski</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> (particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transformational grammar">transformational grammar</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wake_2008_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Wake_2008-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> as well as ideas and techniques from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Castaneda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carlos Castaneda">Carlos Castaneda</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McClendon_1989_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-McClendon_1989-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 41
Quotation : "In association with Milton's work, Richard and John also came across Castaneda's books, The Teachings of don Juan, The Yaqui Way of Life, A Separate Reality and Tales of Power. From there it was an integration of don Juan's use of metaphor and hypnosis and Milton Erickson's language patterns and metaphor to induce an altered state of consciousness to create deep trance phenomena. One of the most dynamic techniques which evolved out of the hypnosis programs was the use of the double induction. The double induction is a trance induction carried out by two people. One person speaks into one ear using complex words and language patterns to occupy one brain hemisphere and the other person speaks into the other ear using childlike grammar and language to occupy the other brain hemisphere. The feeling sensations are experienced in the same half of the body as the auditory input. This technique was used in conversations that Carlos Castaneda had with don Juan and don Genaro. This technique was used frequently during the summing up of Richard and John's training programs as a forum for review, post hypnotic suggestions for future applications and learnings"">41</span> </sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bandler and Grinder claim that their methodology can codify the structure inherent to the therapeutic "magic" as performed in therapy by Perls, Satir and Erickson, and indeed inherent to any complex human activity, and then from that codification, the structure and its activity can be learned by others. Their 1975 book, <i>The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy</i>, is intended to be a codification of the therapeutic techniques of Perls and Satir.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bandler and Grinder say that they used their own process of <i>modeling</i> to model Virginia Satir so they could produce what they termed the <i>Meta-Model</i>, a model for gathering information and challenging a client's language and underlying thinking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> They claim that by challenging linguistic distortions, specifying generalizations, and recovering deleted information in the client's statements, the transformational grammar concepts of <i>surface structure</i> yield a more complete representation of the underlying <i>deep structure</i> and therefore have therapeutic benefit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grinder_&_Elgin_1973_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Grinder_&_Elgin_1973-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Also derived from Satir were <i>anchoring</i>, <i>future pacing</i> and <i>representational systems</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spitzer_1992_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Spitzer_1992-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In contrast, the <i>Milton-Model</i>—a model of the purportedly hypnotic language of Milton Erickson—was described by Bandler and Grinder as "artfully vague" and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metaphor">metaphoric</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 240">: 240 </span></sup> The Milton-Model is used in combination with the Meta-Model as a softener, to induce "trance" and to deliver indirect therapeutic suggestion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-appendixII_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-appendixII-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mercer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Mercer">Jean Mercer</a> writes that Chomsky's theories "appear to be irrelevant" to NLP.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Linguist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Stollznow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karen Stollznow">Karen Stollznow</a> describes Bandler's and Grinder's reference to such experts as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namedropping" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Namedropping">namedropping</a>. Other than Satir, the people they cite as influences did not collaborate with Bandler or Grinder. Chomsky himself has no association with NLP whatsoever; his original work was intended as theory, not therapy. Stollznow writes, "[o]ther than borrowing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terminology">terminology</a>, NLP does not bear authentic resemblance to any of Chomsky's theories or philosophies—linguistic, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> or political."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muller_Weitzenhoffer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="André Muller Weitzenhoffer">André Muller Weitzenhoffer</a>, a researcher in the field of hypnosis, "the major weakness of Bandler and Grinder's linguistic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Analysis">analysis</a> is that so much of it is built upon untested hypotheses and is supported by totally inadequate data."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup> Weitzenhoffer adds that Bandler and Grinder misuse <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formal logic">formal logic</a> and mathematics,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Pages: 300–1">: 300–1 </span></sup> redefine or misunderstand terms from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nominalization">nominalization</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 304-5
Quotation : "I have chosen nominalization to explain what some of the problems are in Bandler and Grinder's linguistic approach to Ericksonian hypnotism. Almost any other linguistic concept used by these authors could have served equally well for the purpose of showing some of the inherent weaknesses in their treatment."">304-5</span> </sup> create a scientific façade by needlessly complicating Ericksonian concepts with unfounded claims,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 307
Quotation : "As I have mentioned in the last chapter, any references made to left and right brain functions in relation to hypnotic phenomena must be considered as poorly founded. They do not add to our understanding of nor our ability to utilize hypnotic phenomena in the style of Erickson. Indeed, references such as Bandler and Grinder make to these functions give their subject matter a false appearance of having a more scientific status than it has."">307</span> </sup> make factual errors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 306
Quotation : "This work TRANCE-Formation, incidentally, contains some glaring misstatements of facts. For example, Freud and Mesmer were depicted as contemporaries!"">306</span> </sup> and disregard or confuse concepts central to the Ericksonian approach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 306
Quotation : "One of the most striking features of the Bandler/Grinder interpretation is that it somehow ignores the issue of the existence and function of suggestion, which even in Erickson's own writings and those done with Rossi, is a central idea."">306</span> </sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">More recently (circa 1997), Bandler has claimed, "NLP is based on finding out what works and formalizing it. In order to formalize patterns I utilized everything from linguistics to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holography">holography</a>...The models that constitute NLP are all formal models based on mathematical, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Logic">logical</a> principles such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Predicate logic">predicate calculus</a> and the mathematical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography#Mathematical_model" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holography">equations underlying holography</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> However, there is no mention of the mathematics of holography nor of holography in general in McClendon's,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McClendon_1989_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-McClendon_1989-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Spitzer's,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spitzer_1992_24-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Spitzer_1992-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> or Grinder's<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grinder_&_Bostic_St._Clair_2001_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Grinder_&_Bostic_St._Clair_2001-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> account of the development of NLP.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">On the matter of the development of NLP, Grinder recollects:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">My memories about what we thought at the time of discovery (with respect to the classic code we developed—that is, the years 1973 through 1978) are that we were quite explicit that we were out to overthrow a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> and that, for example, I, for one, found it very useful to plan this campaign using in part as a guide the excellent work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i>) in which he detailed some of the conditions which historically have obtained in the midst of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shifts</a>. For example, I believe it was very useful that neither one of us were qualified in the field we first went after—psychology and in particular, its therapeutic application; this being one of the conditions which Kuhn identified in his historical study of paradigm shifts.</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a> responded that Grinder has not understood Kuhn's text on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of science">history and philosophy of science</a>, <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i>. Carroll replies: (a) individual scientists never have nor are they ever able to create <i>paradigm shifts</i> volitionally and Kuhn does not suggest otherwise; (b) Kuhn's text does not contain the idea that being unqualified in a field of science is a prerequisite to producing a result that necessitates a <i>paradigm shift</i> in that field and (c) <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i> is foremost a work of <i>history</i> and not an instructive text on <i>creating</i> paradigm shifts and such a text is not possible—extraordinary discovery is not a formulaic procedure. Carroll explains that a <i>paradigm shift</i> is not a planned activity, rather it is an outcome of scientific effort within the current (dominant) paradigm that produces <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific data">data</a> that can't be adequately accounted for within the current paradigm—hence a <i>paradigm shift</i>, i.e. the adoption of a new paradigm.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In developing NLP, Bandler and Grinder were not responding to a paradigmatic crisis in psychology nor did they produce any data that caused a paradigmatic crisis in psychology. There is no sense in which Bandler and Grinder caused or participated in a paradigm shift. "What did Grinder and Bandler do that makes it impossible to continue doing psychology...without accepting their ideas? Nothing," argues Carroll.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skepdic_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-skepdic-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Commercialization_and_evaluation">Commercialization and evaluation</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">By the late 1970s, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_potential_movement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human potential movement">human potential movement</a> had developed into an industry and provided a market for some NLP ideas. At the center of this growth was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esalen_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a> at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sur,_California" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big Sur, California">Big Sur, California</a>. Perls had led numerous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a> seminars at Esalen. Satir was an early leader and Bateson was a guest teacher. Bandler and Grinder claimed that in addition to being a therapeutic method, NLP was also a study of communication and began marketing it as a business tool, claiming that, "if any human being can do anything, so can you."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> After 150 students paid $1,000 each for a ten-day workshop in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>, Bandler and Grinder gave up academic writing and produced popular books from seminar transcripts, such as <i>Frogs into Princes,</i> which sold more than 270,000 copies. According to court documents relating to an intellectual property dispute between Bandler and Grinder, Bandler made more than $800,000 in 1980 from workshop and book sales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A community of psychotherapists and students began to form around Bandler and Grinder's initial works, leading to the growth and spread of NLP as a theory and practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-socialengineering_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-socialengineering-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robbins" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Robbins">Tony Robbins</a> trained with Grinder and utilized a few ideas from NLP as part of his own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-help">self-help</a> and motivational speaking programmes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-salerno_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-salerno-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> Bandler led several unsuccessful efforts to exclude other parties from using NLP.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Druckman_&_Swets_1988_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Druckman_&_Swets_1988-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the rising number of practitioners and theorists led NLP to become even less uniform than it was at its foundation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Prior to the decline of NLP, scientific researchers began testing its theoretical underpinnings <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empirical">empirically</a>, with research indicating a lack of empirical support for NLP's essential theories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> The 1990s were characterized by fewer scientific studies evaluating the methods of NLP than the previous decade. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Witkowski" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tomasz Witkowski">Tomasz Witkowski</a> attributes this to a declining interest in the debate as the result of a lack of empirical support for NLP from its proponents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_components_and_core_concepts">Main components and core concepts</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NLP can be understood in terms of three broad components and the central concepts pertaining to those:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><b>Subjectivity.</b></i> According to Bandler and Grinder:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">We experience the world <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subjectivity">subjectively</a> thus we create subjective representations of our experience. These subjective representations of experience are constituted in terms of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_senses" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Five senses">five senses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language">language</a>. That is to say our <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qualia">subjective conscious experience</a> is in terms of the traditional senses of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hearing (sense)">audition</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somatosensory system">tactition</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taste">gustation</a> such that when we—for example—rehearse an activity "in our heads", recall an event or anticipate the future we will "see" images, "hear" sounds, "taste" flavours, "feel" tactile sensations, "smell" odours and think in some (natural) language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Pages: 13–14
Quotation : "There are three characteristics of effective patterning in NLP which sharply distinguish it from behavioural science as it is commonly practiced today. First, for a pattern or generalization regarding human communication to be acceptable or well–formed in NLP, it must include in the description the human agents who are initiating and responding to the pattern being described, their actions, their possible responses. Secondly, the description of the pattern must be represented in sensory grounded terms which are available to the user. This user–oriented constraint on NLP ensures usefulness. We have been continually struck by the tremendous gap between theory and practice in the behavioural sciences—this requirement closes that gap. Notice that since patterns must be represented in sensory grounded terms, available through practice to the user, a pattern will typically have multiple representation—each tailored for the differing sensory capabilities of individual users...Thirdly, NLP includes within its descriptive vocabulary terms which are not directly observable representational systems"">13–14</span> </sup> Furthermore it is claimed that these subjective representations of experience have a discernible structure, a pattern. It is in this sense that NLP is sometimes defined as <i>the study of the structure of subjective experience</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Behavior can be described and understood in terms of these sense-based subjective representations. Behavior is broadly conceived to include verbal and non-verbal communication, incompetent, maladaptive or "pathological" behavior as well as effective or skillful behavior.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 36
Quotation : "The basic elements from which the patterns of human behaviour are formed are the perceptual systems through which the members of the species operate on their environment: vision (sight), audition (hearing), kinesthesis (body sensations) and olfaction/gustation (smell/taste). The neurolinguistic programming model presupposes that all of the distinctions we as human beings are able to make concerning our environment (internal and external) and our behaviour can be usefully represented in terms of these systems. These perceptual classes constitute the structural parameters of human knowledge. We postulate that all of our ongoing experience can usefully be coded as consisting of some combination of these sensory classes."">36</span> </sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Behavior (in self and others) can be modified by manipulating these sense-based subjective representations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sourcebook-of-magic_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-sourcebook-of-magic-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Pages: 89–93
Quotation : " #23 The Change Personal History Pattern"">89–93</span> </sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sourcebook-of-magic_37-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-sourcebook-of-magic-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Pages: 93–95
Quotation : " #24 The Swish Pattern"">93–95</span> </sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-appendixII_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-appendixII-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Pages: 240–50">: 240–50 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frogs_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-frogs-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Pages: 5–78">: 5–78 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sourcebook-of-magic_37-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-sourcebook-of-magic-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Pages: 39–40
Quotation : " #2 Pacing Or Matching Another's Model of the World"">39–40</span> </sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 7
Quotation : "NLP presents specific tools which can be applied effectively in any human interaction. It offers specific techniques by which a practitioner may usefully organize and re–organize his or her subjective experience or the experiences of a client in order to define and subsequently secure any behavioural outcome."">7</span> </sup></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><b>Consciousness.</b></i> NLP is predicated on the notion that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is bifurcated into a conscious component and an unconscious component. Those subjective representations that occur outside of an individual's awareness comprise what is referred to as the "unconscious mind".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Pages: 77–80
Quotation : "Strategies and representations which typically occur below an individual's level of awareness make up what is often called or referred to as the "unconscious mind.""">77–80</span> </sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><b>Learning.</b></i> NLP utilizes an imitative method of learning—termed <i>modeling</i>—that is claimed to be able to codify and reproduce an exemplar's expertise in any domain of activity. An important part of the codification process is a description of the sequence of the sensory/linguistic representations of the subjective experience of the exemplar during execution of the expertise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frogs_17-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-frogs-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 7,9,10,36,123">: 7,9,10,36,123 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Pages: 35, 78">: 35, 78 </span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Techniques_or_set_of_practices">Techniques or set of practices</span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_neuro-linguistic_programming" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methods of neuro-linguistic programming">Methods of neuro-linguistic programming</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="343" data-file-width="604" decoding="async" height="125" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg/220px-Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg/330px-Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg/440px-Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouvements-oculaires-PNL.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An "eye accessing cue chart" as it appears as an example in Bandler & Grinder's <i>Frogs into Princes</i> (1979). The six directions represent "visual construct", "visual recall", "auditory construct", "auditory recall", "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesthetic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kinesthetic">kinesthetic</a>" and "auditory internal dialogue".</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to one study by Steinbach,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Steinbach_1984-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> a classic interaction in NLP can be understood in terms of several major stages including establishing rapport, gleaning information about a problem mental state and desired goals, using specific tools and techniques to make interventions, and integrating proposed changes into the client's life. The entire process is guided by the non-verbal responses of the client.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Steinbach_1984-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> The first is the act of establishing and maintaining rapport between the practitioner and the client which is achieved through pacing and leading the verbal (<i>e.g.</i>, sensory predicates and keywords) and non-verbal behavior (<i>e.g.</i>, matching and mirroring non-verbal behavior, or responding to eye movements) of the client.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frogs_17-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-frogs-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Pages: 8, 15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149">: 8, 15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149 </span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Once rapport is established, the practitioner may gather information (<i>e.g.</i>, using the Meta-Model questions) about the client's present state as well as help the client define a desired state or goal for the interaction. The practitioner pays particular attention to the verbal and non-verbal responses as the client defines the present state and desired state and any "resources" that may be required to bridge the gap.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Steinbach_1984-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> The client is typically encouraged to consider the consequences of the desired outcome, and how they may affect his or her personal or professional life and relationships, taking into account any positive intentions of any problems that may arise (i.e. ecological check).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Steinbach_1984-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Fourth, the practitioner assists the client in achieving the desired outcomes by using certain tools and techniques to change internal representations and responses to stimuli in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_1984_1_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_1984_1-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> Finally, the changes are "future paced" by helping the client to mentally rehearse and integrate the changes into his or her life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Steinbach_1984-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> For example, the client may be asked to "step into the future" and represent (mentally see, hear and feel) what it is like having already achieved the outcome.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Stollznow, "NLP also involves fringe discourse analysis and "practical" guidelines for "improved" communication. For example, one text asserts "when you adopt the "but" word, people will remember what you said afterwards. With the "and" word, people remember what you said before and after."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">NLP has been promoted with claims it can be used to treat a variety of diseases including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> and cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-acs_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-acs-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> Such claims have no supporting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evidence-based medicine">medical evidence</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-acs_42-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-acs-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> People who use NLP as a form of treatment risk serious adverse health consequences as it can delay the provision of effective medical care.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-acs_42-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-acs-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Psychotherapeutic">Psychotherapeutic</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Early books about NLP had a psychotherapeutic focus given that the early models were psychotherapists. As an approach to psychotherapy, NLP shares similar core assumptions and foundations in common with some contemporary brief and systemic practices,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beyebach_1999_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Beyebach_1999-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_focused_brief_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solution focused brief therapy">solution focused brief therapy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> NLP has also been acknowledged as having influenced these practices<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beyebach_1999_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Beyebach_1999-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> with its reframing techniques<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> which seeks to achieve behavior change by shifting its <i>context</i> or <i>meaning</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> for example, by finding the positive connotation of a thought or behavior.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The two main therapeutic uses of NLP are, firstly, as an adjunct by therapists<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Field_1990_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Field_1990-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> practicing in other therapeutic disciplines and, secondly, as a specific therapy called Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bridoux_and_Weaver_2000_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bridoux_and_Weaver_2000-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Stollznow, "Bandler and Grinder's infamous <i>Frogs into Princes</i> and their other books boast that NLP is a cure-all that treats a broad range of physical and mental conditions and learning difficulties, including epilepsy, myopia and dyslexia. With its promises to cure schizophrenia, depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and its dismissal of psychiatric illnesses as psychosomatic, NLP shares similarities with Scientology and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a> (CCHR)."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> A systematic review of experimental studies by Sturt <i>et al</i> (2012) concluded that "there is little evidence that NLP interventions improve health-related outcomes."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sturt_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Sturt-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> In his review of NLP, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Briers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Briers">Stephen Briers</a> writes, "NLP is not really a cohesive therapy but a ragbag of different techniques without a particularly clear theoretical basis...[and its] evidence base is virtually non-existent."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Briers2012_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Briers2012-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> Eisner writes, "NLP appears to be a superficial and gimmicky approach to dealing with mental health problems. Unfortunately, NLP appears to be the first in a long line of mass marketing seminars that purport to virtually cure any mental disorder...it appears that NLP has no empirical or scientific support as to the underlying tenets of its theory or clinical effectiveness. What remains is a mass-marketed serving of psychopablum."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eisner2000_56-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Eisner2000-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">André Muller Weitzenhoffer—a friend and peer of Milton Erickson—wrote, "Has NLP really abstracted and explicated the essence of successful therapy and provided everyone with the means to be another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson?...[NLP's] failure to do this is evident because today there is no multitude of their equals, not even another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson. Ten years should have been sufficient time for this to happen. In this light, I cannot take NLP seriously...[NLP's] contributions to our understanding and use of Ericksonian techniques are equally dubious. <i>Patterns I</i> and <i>II</i> are poorly written works that were an overambitious, pretentious effort to reduce hypnotism to a magic of words."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 305">: 305 </span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Clinical psychologist Stephen Briers questions the value of the NLP maxim—a <i>presupposition</i> in NLP jargon—"there is no failure, only feedback".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> Briers argues that the denial of the existence of failure diminishes its instructive value. He offers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.K._Rowling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a> as three examples of unambiguous acknowledged personal failure that served as an impetus to great success. According to Briers, it was "the crash-and-burn type of failure, not the sanitised NLP Failure Lite, i.e. the failure-that-isn't really-failure sort of failure" that propelled these individuals to success. Briers contends that adherence to the maxim leads to self-deprecation. According to Briers, personal endeavour is a product of invested values and aspirations and the dismissal of personally significant failure as mere feedback effectively denigrates what one values. Briers writes, "Sometimes we need to accept and mourn the death of our dreams, not just casually dismiss them as inconsequential." Briers also contends that the NLP maxim is narcissistic, self-centered and divorced from notions of moral responsibility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although the original core techniques of NLP were therapeutic in orientation their generic nature enabled them to be applied to other fields. These applications include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Druckman_&_Swets_1988_34-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Druckman_&_Swets_1988-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> sales,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zastrow_1990_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Zastrow_1990-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> negotiation,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tosey_and_Mathison_2007_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Tosey_and_Mathison_2007-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> management training,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yemm_2006_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Yemm_2006-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> sports,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ingalls_1988_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Ingalls_1988-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> teaching, coaching, team building, public speaking, and in the process of hiring employees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_criticism">Scientific criticism</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the early 1980s, NLP was advertised as an important advance in psychotherapy and counseling, and attracted some interest in counseling research and clinical psychology. However, as controlled trials failed to show any benefit from NLP and its advocates made increasingly dubious claims, scientific interest in NLP faded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Devilly_2005_64-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Devilly_2005-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gelso_and_Fassinger_1990_65-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Gelso_and_Fassinger_1990-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Numerous literature reviews and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analyses" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meta-analyses">meta-analyses</a> have failed to show evidence for NLP's assumptions or effectiveness as a therapeutic method.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup> While some NLP practitioners have argued that the lack of empirical support is due to insufficient research which tests NLP,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup> the consensus scientific opinion is that NLP is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[e]</a></sup> and that attempts to dismiss the research findings based on these arguments "[constitute]s an admission that NLP does not have an evidence base and that NLP practitioners are seeking a post-hoc credibility."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roderique-Davies_2009_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Roderique-Davies_2009-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Surveys in the academic community have shown NLP to be widely discredited among scientists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[f]</a></sup> Among the reasons for considering NLP a pseudoscience are that evidence in favor of it is limited to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotes and personal testimony</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tye1994_92-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Tye1994-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> that it is not informed by scientific understanding of neuroscience and linguistics,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985_23-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> and that the name "neuro-linguistic programming" uses jargon words to impress readers and obfuscate ideas, whereas NLP itself does not relate any phenomena to neural structures and has nothing in common with linguistics or programming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beyerstein1990_74-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Beyerstein1990-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[g]</a></sup> In fact, in education, NLP has been used as a key example of pseudoscience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lum2001_80-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Lum2001-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lilienfeld2001_81-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Lilienfeld2001-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008_82-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_quasi-religion">As a quasi-religion</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sociology">Sociologists</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a>—amongst others—have categorized NLP as a quasi-religion belonging to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a> and/or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movements</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hunt_2003_98-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Hunt_2003-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barrett_1998_99-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Barrett_1998-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010_102-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hammer_&_Rothstein_2012_103-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Hammer_&_Rothstein_2012-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-106" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-107" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropologist</a> Jean M. Langford categorizes NLP as a form of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Folk magic">folk magic</a>; that is to say, a practice with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ritual">symbolic efficacy</a>—as opposed to physical efficacy—that is able to effect change through nonspecific effects (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Placebo">placebo</a>). To Langford, NLP is akin to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> "that attempts to wed the magic of folk practice to the science of professional medicine".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> Bandler and Grinder were and continue to be<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-110" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup>) influenced by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> described in the books of Carlos Castaneda. Several ideas and techniques have been borrowed from Castaneda and incorporated into NLP including so-called "double induction"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McClendon_1989_20-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-McClendon_1989-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 41
Quotation : "In association with Milton's work, Richard and John also came across Castaneda's books, The Teachings of don Juan, The Yaqui Way of Life, A Separate Reality and Tales of Power. From there it was an integration of don Juan's use of metaphor and hypnosis and Milton Erickson's language patterns and metaphor to induce an altered state of consciousness to create deep trance phenomena. One of the most dynamic techniques which evolved out of the hypnosis programs was the use of the double induction. The double induction is a trance induction carried out by two people. One person speaks into one ear using complex words and language patterns to occupy one brain hemisphere and the other person speaks into the other ear using childlike grammar and language to occupy the other brain hemisphere. The feeling sensations are experienced in the same half of the body as the auditory input. This technique was used in conversations that Carlos Castaneda had with don Juan and don Genaro. This technique was used frequently during the summing up of Richard and John's training programs as a forum for review, post hypnotic suggestions for future applications and learnings"">41</span> </sup> and the notion of "stopping the world"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-111" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> which is central to NLP modeling. Tye (1994)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tye1994_92-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Tye1994-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> characterizes NLP as a type of "psycho shamanism". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Fanthorpe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lionel Fanthorpe">Fanthorpe</a> and Fanthorpe (2008)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup> see a similarity between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mimesis">mimetic</a> procedure and intent of NLP modeling and aspects of ritual in some syncretic religions. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Hunt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen J. Hunt">Hunt</a> (2003)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hunt_2003_98-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Hunt_2003-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> draws a comparison between the concern with lineage from an NLP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guru">guru</a>—which is evident amongst some NLP proponents—and the concern with guru lineage in some Eastern religions.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In Aupers and Houtman (2010)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010_102-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> Bovbjerg identifies NLP as a New Age "psycho-religion" and uses NLP as a case-study to demonstrate the thesis that the New Age psycho-religions such as NLP are predicated on an intrinsically religious idea, namely concern with a transcendent "other". In the world's monotheistic faiths, argues Bovbjerg, the purpose of religious practice is communion and fellowship with a transcendent "other", i.e. a God. With the New Age psycho-religions, argues Bovbjerg, this orientation towards a transcendent "other" persists, but the "other" has become "the other in ourselves", the so-called "unconscious": "The individual's inner life becomes the intangible focus of [psycho-]religious practices and the subconscious becomes a constituent part of modern individuals' understanding of the Self."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-113" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> Bovbjerg adds, "Courses in personal development would make no sense without an unconscious that contains hidden resources and hidden knowledge of the self."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus psycho-religious practice revolves around ideas of the conscious and unconscious self and communicating with and accessing the hidden resources of the unconscious self—the transcendent "other". According to Bovbjerg, the notion that we have an unconscious self underlies many NLP techniques either explicitly or implicitly. Bovbjerg argues, "Through particular practices, the [NLP practitioner <i>qua</i>] psycho-religious practitioner expects to achieve self-perfection in a never-ending transformation of the self."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bovbjerg's secular critique of NLP is echoed in the conservative Christian perspective of the New Age as represented by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jeremiah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> (1995)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup> who argues, "The 'transformation' recommended by the founders and leaders of these business seminars [such as NLP] has spiritual implications that a non-Christian or new believer may not recognise. The belief that human beings can change themselves by calling upon the power (or god) within or their own infinite human potential is a contradiction of the Christian view. The Bible says man is a sinner and is saved by God's grace alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Intellectual_property_disputes">Intellectual property disputes</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">By the end of 1980, the collaboration between Bandler and Grinder ended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> On 25 September 1981, Bandler instituted a civil action against Grinder and his company, seeking injunctive relief and damages for Grinder's commercial activity in relation to NLP. On 29 October 1981, judgement was made in favor of Bandler.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-115" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> As part of a settlement agreement Bandler granted to Grinder a limited 10-year license to conduct NLP seminars, offer certification in NLP and use the NLP name on the condition that royalties from the earnings of the seminars be paid to Bandler. In July 1996 and January 1997, Bandler instituted a further two civil actions against Grinder and his company, numerous other prominent figures in NLP and 200 further initially unnamed persons. Bandler alleged that Grinder had violated the terms of the settlement agreement reached in the initial case and had suffered commercial damage as a result of the allegedly illegal commercial activities of the defendants. Bandler sought from each defendant damages no less than US$10,000,000.00.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-117" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> In February 2000, the Court found against Bandler, stating that "Bandler has misrepresented to the public, through his licensing agreement and promotional materials, that he is the exclusive owner of all intellectual property rights associated with NLP, and maintains the exclusive authority to determine membership in and certification in the Society of NLP."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-118" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-119" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">On this matter Stollznow<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> commented in 2010, "ironically, Bandler and Grinder feuded in the 1980s over trademark and theory disputes. Tellingly, none of their myriad of NLP models, pillars, and principles helped these founders to resolve their personal and professional conflicts."</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In December 1997, Tony Clarkson instituted civil proceedings against Bandler to have Bandler's UK trademark of NLP revoked. The Court found in favor of Clarkson; Bandler's trademark was subsequently revoked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-121" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">By the end of 2000, Bandler and Grinder entered a release where they agreed, amongst other things, that "they are the co-creators and co-founders of the technology of Neuro-linguistic Programming" and "mutually agree to refrain from disparaging each other's efforts, in any fashion, concerning their respective involvement in the field of Neurolinguistic Programming."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-122" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As a consequence of these disputes and settlements, the names <i>NLP</i> and <i>Neuro-linguistic Programming</i> are not owned by any party and there is no restriction on any party offering NLP certification.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-123" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_126-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-ReferenceA-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tsdr.uspto.gov_127-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-tsdr.uspto.gov-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Associations.2C_certification.2C_and_practitioner_standards"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Associations,_certification,_and_practitioner_standards">Associations, certification, and practitioner standards</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The names <i>NLP</i> and <i>Neuro-linguistic Programming</i> are not owned by any person or organisation, they are not trademarked intellectual property<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-128" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup> and there is no central regulating authority for NLP instruction and certification.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_126-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-ReferenceA-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tsdr.uspto.gov_127-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-tsdr.uspto.gov-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> There is no restriction on who can describe themselves as an <i>NLP Master Practitioner</i> or <i>NLP Master Trainer</i> and there are a multitude of certifying associations;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roderique-Davies_2009_86-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Roderique-Davies_2009-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> this has led Devilly (2005) to describe such training and certifying associations as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granfalloon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Granfalloon">granfalloons</a></i>, i.e. proud and meaningless associations of human beings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Devilly_2005_64-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Devilly_2005-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There is great variation in the depth and breadth of training and standards of practitioners, and some disagreement between those in the field about which patterns are, or are not, actual NLP.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Sharpley_1987-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-130" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup> NLP is an open field of training with no "official" best practice. With different authors, individual trainers and practitioners having developed their own methods, concepts and labels, often branding them as NLP,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skepdic_31-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-skepdic-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> the training standards and quality differ greatly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-131" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup> In 2009, a British television presenter was able to register his pet cat as a member of the British Board of Neuro Linguistic Programming (BBNLP), which subsequently claimed that it existed only to provide benefits to its members and not to certify credentials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc-george_132-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-bbc-george-132" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_freedom_technique" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emotional freedom technique">Emotional freedom technique</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_and_disproven_cancer_treatments" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments">List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_systems_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Family systems therapy">Family systems therapy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Farrelly" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank Farrelly">Frank Farrelly</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_Course" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avatar Course">Avatar Course</a></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Notable practitioners</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Andreas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Andreas">Steve Andreas</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bandler" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bandler">Richard Bandler</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grinder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Grinder">John Grinder</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McKenna" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul McKenna">Paul McKenna</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that, in a seminar, Bandler & Grinder (1981, p. 166) claimed that a single session of NLP combined with hypnosis could eliminate certain eyesight problems such as myopia and cure the common cold (op.cit., p. 174)...(Also, op.cit., p. 169) Bandler and Grinder believed that, by combining NLP with hypnotic regression, one not only cured a problem, but became amnesic for the fact that it even existed at all. Thus, after a session of "therapy," a smoker denied smoking before, even when family and friends insisted otherwise, becoming unable to account for such evidence as nicotine stains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981_4-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span title="Page: 166, 169, 174">: 166, 169, 174 </span></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, the following:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sharpley, 1984<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> and 1987<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-2" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Sharpley_1987-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Druckman and Swets, 1988<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Druckman_&_Swets_1988_34-2" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Druckman_&_Swets_1988-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Heap, 1988<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">von Bergen et al., 1997<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Von_Bergen_1997_11-2" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Von_Bergen_1997-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Druckman, 2004<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Druckman_2004_15-1" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Druckman_2004-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Witkowski, 2010<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-4" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></li></ul></span></li><li id="cite_note-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Einspruch and Forman, 1985<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Murray, 2013<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sturt et al., 2012<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sturt_54-1" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Sturt-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Research</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tosey and Mathison, 2010<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></li></ul></span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Witkowsi, 2010<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-5" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i>, 2009<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-skepdic_31-1" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-skepdic-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Beyerstein, 1990<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Beyerstein1990_74-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Beyerstein1990-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Corballis, in Della Sala and Anderson, 2012<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Singer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Margaret Singer">Singer</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janja_Lalich" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Janja Lalich">Lalich</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lilienfeld, Lynn and Lohr, 2004<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Della Sala, 2007<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Williams, 2000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lum, 2001<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lum2001_80-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Lum2001-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lilienfeld, Lohr and Morier, 2001<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lilienfeld2001_81-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Lilienfeld2001-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dunn, Halonen and Smith, 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008_82-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Molfese, Segalowitz and Harris, 1988<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></li></ul></span></li><li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a description of the social influence tactics used by NLP and similar pseudoscientific therapies, see Devilly, 2005<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Devilly_2005_64-1" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-Devilly_2005-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2006, Norcross and colleagues found NLP to be given similar ratings as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin-assisted_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dolphin-assisted therapy">dolphin-assisted therapy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotherapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hippotherapy">equine therapy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychosynthesis">psychosynthesis</a>, scared straight programmes, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_freedom_technique" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emotional freedom technique">emotional freedom technique</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> In 2010, Norcross and colleagues listed it as seventh out of their list of ten most discredited drug and alcohol interventions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup> Glasner-Edwards and colleagues also identified it as discredited in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information on the use of neuroscience terms to lend the appearance of credibility to arguments, see Weisburg et al., 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Tosey_&_Mathison_2006-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Tosey_&_Mathison_2006_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFToseyMathison" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tosey, Paul; Mathison, Jane. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103020411/http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+Neuro-Linguistic+Programming&rft.pub=Centre+for+Management+Learning+%26+Development%2C+School+of+Management%2C+University+of+Surrey.&rft.aulast=Tosey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Mathison%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.som.surrey.ac.uk%2FNLP%2FResources%2FIntroducingNLP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dilts-etal-1980-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dilts-etal-1980_2-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDiltsGrinderBandlerBandler1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dilts, Robert; Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard; Bandler, Leslie C.; DeLozier, Judith (1980). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwsRAQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Volume I The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience</i></a>(Limited ed.). California: Meta Publications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-07-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-07-7"><bdi>978-0-916990-07-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuro-Linguistic+Programming%3A+Volume+I+The+Study+of+the+Structure+of+Subjective+Experience&rft.place=California&rft.edition=Limited&rft.pub=Meta+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-916990-07-7&rft.aulast=Dilts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Grinder%2C+John&rft.au=Bandler%2C+Richard&rft.au=Bandler%2C+Leslie+C.&rft.au=DeLozier%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwsRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPickersgill" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pickersgill, Gina. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301173009/http://www.nlplifetraining.com/general-articles/richard-bandler-on-healing.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Dr Richard Bandler on Healing – A Special Interview – by Gina Pickersgill"</a>. <i>NLP Life Training</i>. The Best You Corporation. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.nlplifetraining.com/general-articles/richard-bandler-on-healing.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 August</span> 2013</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";"><br />GINA: I have seen you demonstrate a technique that some people refer to as Dr. Bandler's Beauty treatment? Please tell us about that.<br />RICHARD [BANDLER]: Basically what happened is that I noticed that when I <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic_regression" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypnotic regression">hypnotically regress</a> people repeatedly they looked younger. So I started first thinking, well isn't there a way to maintain that. I noticed when I hypnotically regressed people to before the age of 5, who currently wore glasses, didn't need them to see. So I started leaving people's eyes young and growing the rest of them up to the present and it would change the prescription of their glasses radically to the point where they could see better. And done enough times, some of them could see without glasses. So I went a little step further, and did a DHE (Design Human Engineering™) treatment where we set up a mechanism in the back of their mind that repeatedly age regresses them hypnotically; when they sleep, when they blink, all kinds of things and in a state of time distortion. And it can take years off the way people look, it also ups their energy level and in some cases the bi product [sic] has been they recovered spontaneously from very serious diseases. Because they were aged regressed to where before the disease started. Now I cannot prove that but I've seen it enough times that I'm impressed with it.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NLP+Life+Training&rft.atitle=Dr+Richard+Bandler+on+Healing+%E2%80%93+A+Special+Interview+%E2%80%93+by+Gina+Pickersgill&rft.aulast=Pickersgill&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlplifetraining.com%2Fgeneral-articles%2Frichard-bandler-on-healing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1981_4-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBandler1981" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard (1981). Connirae Andreas (ed.). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tranceformations00grin_325" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Trance-formations: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Structure of Hypnosis</i></a></span>. Moab: Real People Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trance-formations%3A+Neuro-Linguistic+Programming+and+the+Structure+of+Hypnosis&rft.place=Moab&rft.pub=Real+People+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bandler%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftranceformations00grin_325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-What-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-What_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/8vlcsFJyEXQ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225190827/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=8vlcsFJyEXQ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Wayback Machine</a>: <cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, Richard (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vlcsFJyEXQ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>What is NLP?</i></a> (Promotional video). NLP Life<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 June</span> 2013</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">We can reliably get rid of a phobia in ten minutes – every single time.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+NLP%3F&rft.pub=NLP+Life&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8vlcsFJyEXQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Whispering-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Whispering_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBostic_St._Clair2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair, Carmen (2001). "Chapter 4: Personal Antecedents of NLP". <i>Whispering in the Wind</i>. J & C Enterprises. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9717223-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Personal+Antecedents+of+NLP&rft.btitle=Whispering+in+the+Wind&rft.pub=J+%26+C+Enterprises&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bostic+St.+Clair%2C+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_&_Grinder_1975_8-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBandlerGrinder1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1975). <i>The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy</i>. Science and Behavior Books Inc. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8314-0044-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8314-0044-6"><bdi>978-0-8314-0044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Magic+I%3A+A+Book+about+Language+and+Therapy&rft.pub=Science+and+Behavior+Books+Inc.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8314-0044-6&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grinder%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Change-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Change_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBandler1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, Richard (1993). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeforchange00band" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Time for a Change</i></a></span>. Meta Pubns. p. vii. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-28-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-28-2"><bdi>978-0-916990-28-2</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">In single sessions, they can accelerate learning, neutralize phobias, enhance creativity, improve relationships, eliminate allergies, and lead firewalks without roasting toes. NLP achieves the goal of its inception. We have ways to do what only a genius could have done a decade ago.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+for+a+Change&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Meta+Pubns&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-916990-28-2&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeforchange00band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dowlen_1996-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dowlen_1996_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDowlen1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dowlen, Ashley (1 January 1996). "NLP – help or hype? Investigating the uses of neuro-linguistic programming in management learning". <i>Career Development International</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 27–34. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F13620439610111408" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1108/13620439610111408</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Career+Development+International&rft.atitle=NLP+%E2%80%93+help+or+hype%3F+Investigating+the+uses+of+neuro-linguistic+programming+in+management+learning&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-34&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F13620439610111408&rft.aulast=Dowlen&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Von_Bergen_1997-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Von_Bergen_1997_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Von_Bergen_1997_11-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Von_Bergen_1997_11-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFvon_BergenGary,_Barlow_SoperRosenthal,_T.Wilkinson,_Lamar_V.1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">von Bergen, C. W.; Gary, Barlow Soper; Rosenthal, T.; Wilkinson, Lamar V. (1997). "Selected alternative training techniques in HRD". <i>Human Resource Development Quarterly</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 281–94. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhrdq.3920080403" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/hrdq.3920080403</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Development+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Selected+alternative+training+techniques+in+HRD&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-94&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrdq.3920080403&rft.aulast=von+Bergen&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft.au=Gary%2C+Barlow+Soper&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+T.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Lamar+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Thyer-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Thyer_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThyerPignotti2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Thyer, Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica G. (15 May 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nE9FCQAAQBAJ&q=nlp&pg=PA166" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice</i></a>. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 56–57, 165–67. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-7769-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-7769-8"><bdi>978-0-8261-7769-8</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Social+Work+Practice&rft.pages=56-57%2C+165-67&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-7769-8&rft.aulast=Thyer&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft.au=Pignotti%2C+Monica+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnE9FCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnlp%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Sharpley_1987-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Sharpley_1987_13-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSharpley1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sharpley, Christopher F. (1 January 1987). "Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?". <i>Journal of Counseling Psychology</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 103–07. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.34.1.103" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+Psychology&rft.atitle=Research+findings+on+neurolinguistic+programming%3A+Nonsupportive+data+or+an+untestable+theory%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-07&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0167.34.1.103&rft.aulast=Sharpley&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Witkowski_2010-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Witkowski_2010_14-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWitkowski2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Witkowski, Tomasz (1 January 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10059-010-0008-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?"</a>. <i>Polish Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>41</b> (2). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10059-010-0008-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2478/v10059-010-0008-0</a></span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">All of this leaves me with an overwhelming impression that the analyzed base of scientific articles is treated just as theater decoration, being the background for the pseudoscientific farce which NLP appears to be. Using "scientific" attributes, which is so characteristic of pseudoscience, is manifested also in other aspects of NLP activities... My analysis leads undeniably to the statement that NLP represents pseudoscientific rubbish</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Thirty-Five+Years+of+Research+on+Neuro-Linguistic+Programming.+NLP+Research+Data+Base.+State+of+the+Art+or+Pseudoscientific+Decoration%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10059-010-0008-0&rft.aulast=Witkowski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fv10059-010-0008-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Druckman_2004-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Druckman_2004_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Druckman_2004_15-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDruckman2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Druckman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daniel Druckman (page does not exist)">Druckman, Daniel</a> (1 November 2004). "Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance". <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology</i>. <b>34</b> (11): 2234–60. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Be+All+That+You+Can+Be%3A+Enhancing+Human+Performance&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2234-60&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBostic_St._Clair2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair, Carmen (2001). "Chapter 2: Terminology". <i>Whispering in the Wind</i>. J & C Enterprises. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9717223-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Terminology&rft.btitle=Whispering+in+the+Wind&rft.pub=J+%26+C+Enterprises&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bostic+St.+Clair%2C+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-frogs-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-frogs_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-frogs_17-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-frogs_17-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-frogs_17-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBandlerGrinder1979" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1979). Andreas, Steve (ed.). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band_0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Utah: Real People Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911226-19-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911226-19-5"><bdi>978-0-911226-19-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frogs+into+Princes%3A+Neuro+Linguistic+Programming&rft.place=Utah&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Real+People+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-911226-19-5&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grinder%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrogsintoprinces00band_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Stollznow_2010-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Stollznow_2010_18-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStollznow2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Stollznow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karen Stollznow">Stollznow, Karen</a> (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/magazine/archives/vol15n04.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Not-so Linguistic Programming"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=Not-so+Linguistic+Programming&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stollznow&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchives%2Fvol15n04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Wake_2008-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Wake_2008_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWake2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wake, Lisa (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wIy20m_u9kC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Neurolinguistic psychotherapy: a postmodern perspective</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42541-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42541-4"><bdi>978-0-415-42541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurolinguistic+psychotherapy%3A+a+postmodern+perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42541-4&rft.aulast=Wake&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wIy20m_u9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-McClendon_1989-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-McClendon_1989_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-McClendon_1989_20-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-McClendon_1989_20-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcClendon1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McClendon, Terrence L. (1989). <i>The Wild Days. NLP 1972–1981</i> (1st ed.). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-23-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-23-7"><bdi>978-0-916990-23-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Days.+NLP+1972%E2%80%931981&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-916990-23-7&rft.aulast=McClendon&rft.aufirst=Terrence+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Clancy_and_Yorkshire_1989_21-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFClancyYorkshire1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Clancy, Frank; Yorkshire, Heidi (1989). <a class="external text" href="http://www.american-buddha.com/bandler.method.htmlpg=PA26" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Bandler Method"</a>. <i>Mother Jones Magazine</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 26. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8841" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0362-8841</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Bandler+Method&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0362-8841&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Yorkshire%2C+Heidi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.american-buddha.com%2Fbandler.method.htmlpg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-Grinder_&_Elgin_1973-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Grinder_&_Elgin_1973_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grinder, Suzette Elgin (1973). "A Guide to Transformational Grammar: History, Theory, Practice." Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-080126-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-080126-5">0-03-080126-5</a>. Reviewed by Frank H. Nuessel, Jr. <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>, Vol. 58, No. 5/6 (September–October 1974), pp. 282–83</span></li><li id="cite_note-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985_23-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985_23-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bradley_&_Biedermann_1985_23-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFE._Jane_BradleyBiedermann,_Heinz-Joachim1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">E. Jane Bradley; Biedermann, Heinz-Joachim (1 January 1985). "Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming: Its historical context and contribution". <i>Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 59–62. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0088527" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/h0088527</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3204" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0033-3204</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1588338" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1588338</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychotherapy%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+Practice%2C+Training&rft.atitle=Bandler+and+Grinder%27s+neurolinguistic+programming%3A+Its+historical+context+and+contribution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-62&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1588338&rft.issn=0033-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0088527&rft.au=E.+Jane+Bradley&rft.au=Biedermann%2C+Heinz-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Spitzer_1992-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Spitzer_1992_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Spitzer_1992_24-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSpitzer1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Spitzer, Robert (1992). <a class="external text" href="http://www.social-engineer.org/wiki/archives/NLP/NLP-Satir395.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Virginia Satir & Origins of NLP"</a><span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anchor Point Magazine</i> (July): ?<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anchor+Point+Magazine&rft.atitle=Virginia+Satir+%26+Origins+of+NLP&rft.issue=July&rft.pages=%3F&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.social-engineer.org%2Fwiki%2Farchives%2FNLP%2FNLP-Satir395.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-appendixII-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-appendixII_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-appendixII_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBandlerGrinder1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1985). "Appendix II Hypnotic Language Patterns: The Milton-Model". In Andreas, Connirae (ed.). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tranceformations00grin_325" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Trance-formations</i></a></span>. Real People Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911226-22-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911226-22-5"><bdi>978-0-911226-22-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+II+Hypnotic+Language+Patterns%3A+The+Milton-Model&rft.btitle=Trance-formations&rft.pub=Real+People+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-911226-22-5&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grinder%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftranceformations00grin_325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMercer2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mercer, Jean (2015). "Controversial Therapies". In Cautin, Robin L.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, Volume II</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 759. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118625392.wbecp515" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp515</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-7127-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-7127-6"><bdi>978-0-4706-7127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Controversial+Therapies&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Clinical+Psychology%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118625392.wbecp515&rft.isbn=978-0-4706-7127-6&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Weitzenhoffer1989-chapter8_27-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMuller_Weitzenhoffer1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Muller Weitzenhoffer, André (1989). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPHaAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chapter 8 Ericksonian Hypnotism: The Bandler/Grinder Interpretation"</a>. <i>The Practice of Hypnotism Volume 2: Applications of Traditional an Semi-Traditional Hypnotism. Non-Traditional Hypnotism</i> (1st ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62168-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62168-3"><bdi>978-0-471-62168-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+Ericksonian+Hypnotism%3A+The+Bandler%2FGrinder+Interpretation&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Hypnotism+Volume+2%3A+Applications+of+Traditional+an+Semi-Traditional+Hypnotism.+Non-Traditional+Hypnotism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-471-62168-3&rft.aulast=Muller+Weitzenhoffer&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPHaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBandler1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, Richard (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622080317/http://www.purenlp.com/nlpfaqr.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NLP Seminars Group – Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>NLP Seminars Group</i>. NLP Seminars Group. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.purenlp.com/nlpfaqr.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 22 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 August</span>2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NLP+Seminars+Group&rft.atitle=NLP+Seminars+Group+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.purenlp.com%2Fnlpfaqr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Grinder_&_Bostic_St._Clair_2001-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Grinder_&_Bostic_St._Clair_2001_29-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBostic_St._Clair2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair (2001). <i>Whispering in the Wind</i>. J & C Enterprises. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9717223-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whispering+in+the+Wind&rft.pub=J+%26+C+Enterprises&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bostic+St.+Clair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGrinder1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John (July 1996). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428225949/http://www.inspiritive.com.au/grinterv.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"1996 Interview with John Grinder PhD, co-creator of NLP"</a>. <i>Inspiritive</i>. Interviewed by Chris Collingwood and Jules Collingwood. Inspiritive. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.inspiritive.com.au/grinterv.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 28 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inspiritive&rft.atitle=1996+Interview+with+John+Grinder+PhD%2C+co-creator+of+NLP&rft.date=1996-07&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspiritive.com.au%2Fgrinterv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-skepdic-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-skepdic_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-skepdic_31-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-skepdic_31-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFCarroll,_RT2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, RT</a> (23 February 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/neurolin.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 June</span>2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neuro-linguistic+programming+%28NLP%29&rft.pub=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.au=Carroll%2C+RT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fneurolin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-socialengineering-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-socialengineering_32-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHadnagyWilson2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hadnagy, Christopher; Wilson, Paul (21 December 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LpawpklYogC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Social Engineering</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons Inc. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-63953-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-63953-5"><bdi>978-0-470-63953-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Engineering&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft.isbn=978-0-470-63953-5&rft.aulast=Hadnagy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LpawpklYogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-salerno-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-salerno_33-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSalerno2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Salerno, Steve (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmmxX81cEmMC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Sham: How the Self-Help Movement Made America Helpless</i></a>. Crown Publishing Group. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5410-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5410-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-5410-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sham%3A+How+the+Self-Help+Movement+Made+America+Helpless&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5410-7&rft.aulast=Salerno&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmmxX81cEmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Druckman_&_Swets_1988-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Druckman_&_Swets_1988_34-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Druckman_&_Swets_1988_34-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Druckman_&_Swets_1988_34-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDruckmanJohn_A._Swets1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Druckman, Daniel; John A. Swets (1988). "Enhancing human performance: Issues, theories, and techniques". <i>Human Resource Development Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 202–06. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhrdq.3920010212" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/hrdq.3920010212</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Development+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Enhancing+human+performance%3A+Issues%2C+theories%2C+and+techniques&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-06&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrdq.3920010212&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=John+A.+Swets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBandler1976" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard (1976). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvaAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Structure of Magic II</i></a>(1st ed.). California: Science and Behavior Books. pp. 3–8. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8314-0049-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8314-0049-1"><bdi>978-0-8314-0049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Magic+II&rft.place=California&rft.pages=3-8&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Science+and+Behavior+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8314-0049-1&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bandler%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vvaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBandler1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard (1977). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_gbkgAACAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson: Volume 2</i></a> (1st ed.). Meta Publications. pp. 11–19. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55552-053-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55552-053-3"><bdi>978-1-55552-053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+the+Hypnotic+Techniques+of+Milton+H.+Erickson%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=11-19&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Meta+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-55552-053-3&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bandler%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_gbkgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-sourcebook-of-magic-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-sourcebook-of-magic_37-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-sourcebook-of-magic_37-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-sourcebook-of-magic_37-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHallBelnap2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hall, L. Michael; Belnap, Barbara P. (2000) [1999]. <i>The Sourcebook of Magic: A Comprehensive Guide to the Technology of NLP</i> (1st ed.). Wales: Crown House Publishing Limited. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899836-22-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899836-22-2"><bdi>978-1-899836-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sourcebook+of+Magic%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Technology+of+NLP&rft.place=Wales&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+House+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-899836-22-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=L.+Michael&rft.au=Belnap%2C+Barbara+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBostic_St_Clair2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bostic St Clair, Carmen (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131120030055/http://nlpwhisperinginthewind.com/the-book/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Whispering in the Wind</i></a> (1st ed.). John Grinder & Carmen Bostic. pp. 1, 10, 28, 34, 189, 227–28. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9717223-0-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://nlpwhisperinginthewind.com/the-book/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a>on 20 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whispering+in+the+Wind&rft.pages=1%2C+10%2C+28%2C+34%2C+189%2C+227-28&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Grinder+%26+Carmen+Bostic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bostic+St+Clair%2C+Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnlpwhisperinginthewind.com%2Fthe-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Steinbach_1984-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Steinbach_1984_39-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinbach, A. (1984). "Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic approach to change". <i>Canadian Family Physician</i>, 30, 147–50. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2153995/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2153995</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bandler_1984_1-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bandler_1984_1_40-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandler, 1984. pp. 134–37</span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMasters,_BRawlins,_MRawlins,_LWeidner,_J1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Masters, B; Rawlins, M; Rawlins, L; Weidner, J (1991). <a class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1991-19473-001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The NLP swish pattern: An innovative visualizing technique"</a>. <i>Journal of Mental Health Counseling</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 79–90.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mental+Health+Counseling&rft.atitle=The+NLP+swish+pattern%3A+An+innovative+visualizing+technique&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-90&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Masters%2C+B&rft.au=Rawlins%2C+M&rft.au=Rawlins%2C+L&rft.au=Weidner%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Fpsycinfo%2F1991-19473-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-acs-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-acs_42-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-acs_42-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-acs_42-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRussell_JRovere_A2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Russell J; Rovere A, eds. (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/120" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neuro-linguistic programming"</a>. <i>American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/120" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">120–22</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780944235713" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780944235713"><bdi>9780944235713</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neuro-linguistic+programming&rft.btitle=American+Cancer+Society+Complete+Guide+to+Complementary+and+Alternative+Cancer+Therapies&rft.pages=120-22&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780944235713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancancerso0000unse%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin Battino (2002) <i>Expectation: The Very Brief Therapy Book</i>. Crown House Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84590-028-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-84590-028-6">1-84590-028-6</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerry, S. (2009) Pretreatment expectations of psychotherapy clients, University of Alberta (Canada)</span></li><li id="cite_note-Beyebach_1999-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Beyebach_1999_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Beyebach_1999_45-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBeyebach_M.Rodríguez_Morejón_A.1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Beyebach M.; Rodríguez Morejón A. (1999). "Some thoughts on integration in solution-focused therapy". <i>Journal of Systemic Therapies</i>. <b>18</b>: 24–42. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fjsyt.1999.18.1.24" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1521/jsyt.1999.18.1.24</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systemic+Therapies&rft.atitle=Some+thoughts+on+integration+in+solution-focused+therapy&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=24-42&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fjsyt.1999.18.1.24&rft.au=Beyebach+M.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Morej%C3%B3n+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill O'Connell (2005) Solution-focused therapy (Brief therapy series). Sage; Second Edition <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?doi=GVC4lJzyjBMC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">p. 9</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Windy Dryden (2007) Dryden's handbook of individual therapy. 5th edition. Sage. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4129-2238-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-4129-2238-0">1-4129-2238-0</a> <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nT8jqeRXBmYC&pg=PR9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">p. 382</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPesut1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pesut, Daniel J. (1 January 1991). "The art, science, and techniques of reframing in psychiatric mental health nursing". <i>Issues in Mental Health Nursing</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 9–18. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F01612849109058206" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3109/01612849109058206</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1988384" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1988384</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=The+art%2C+science%2C+and+techniques+of+reframing+in+psychiatric+mental+health+nursing&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-18&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F01612849109058206&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1988384&rft.aulast=Pesut&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMaag_John_W1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Maag John W (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417095148/http://altcommtechniques.com/publications/why_they_say_no.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Why they say no: Foundational precises and techniques for managing resistance"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Focus on Exceptional Children</i>. <b>32</b>: 1. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://altcommtechniques.com/publications/why_they_say_no.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 17 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+on+Exceptional+Children&rft.atitle=Why+they+say+no%3A+Foundational+precises+and+techniques+for+managing+resistance&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Maag+John+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltcommtechniques.com%2Fpublications%2Fwhy_they_say_no.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMaag_John_W2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Maag John W (2000). "Managing resistance". <i>Intervention in School and Clinic</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 3. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105345120003500301" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1177/105345120003500301</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220927708" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">220927708</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intervention+in+School+and+Clinic&rft.atitle=Managing+resistance&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F105345120003500301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220927708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Maag+John+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandler & Grinder 1982 as cited by Maag 1999, 2000</span></li><li id="cite_note-Field_1990-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Field_1990_52-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFField1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Field, E. S. (1990). "Neurolinguistic programming as an adjunct to other psychotherapeutic/hypnotherapeutic interventions". <i>The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 174–82. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029157.1990.10402822" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/00029157.1990.10402822</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2296919" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2296919</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Hypnosis&rft.atitle=Neurolinguistic+programming+as+an+adjunct+to+other+psychotherapeutic%2Fhypnotherapeutic+interventions&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=174-82&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029157.1990.10402822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2296919&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bridoux_and_Weaver_2000-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Bridoux_and_Weaver_2000_53-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridoux, D., Weaver, M., (2000) "Neuro-linguistic psychotherapy." In <i>Therapeutic perspectives on working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients.</i> Davies, Dominic (Ed); Neal, Charles (Ed). (pp. 73–90). Buckingham, England: Open University Press (2000) xviii, 187 pp. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-20333-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-20333-7">0-335-20333-7</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-Sturt-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Sturt_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Sturt_54-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSturtAliRobertsonMetcalfe2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sturt, Jackie; Ali, Saima; Robertson, Wendy; Metcalfe, David; Grove, Amy; Bourne, Claire; Bridle, Chris (November 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481516" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic review of the effects on health outcomes"</a>. <i>British Journal of General Practice</i>. <b>62</b> (604): e757–64. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgp12X658287" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3399/bjgp12X658287</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481516" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3481516</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23211179" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23211179</a>. 23211179.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+General+Practice&rft.atitle=Neurolinguistic+programming%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+effects+on+health+outcomes&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=604&rft.pages=e757-64&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3481516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23211179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3399%2Fbjgp12X658287&rft.aulast=Sturt&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Ali%2C+Saima&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Metcalfe%2C+David&rft.au=Grove%2C+Amy&rft.au=Bourne%2C+Claire&rft.au=Bridle%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3481516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Briers2012-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Briers2012_55-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBriers2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Briers, Stephen (27 December 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BQ2S3F_eDMC&q=ragbag&pg=PT15" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Brilliant Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: How to use CBT to improve your mind and your life</i></a>. Pearson UK. p. 15. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-77849-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-77849-3"><bdi>978-0-273-77849-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brilliant+Cognitive+Behavioural+Therapy%3A+How+to+use+CBT+to+improve+your+mind+and+your+life&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Pearson+UK&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft.isbn=978-0-273-77849-3&rft.aulast=Briers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BQ2S3F_eDMC%26q%3Dragbag%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Eisner2000-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Eisner2000_56-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDonald_A._Eisner2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Donald A. Eisner (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmcDl6l8uXwC&pg=PA158" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Death of Psychotherapy: From Freud to Alien Abductions</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–59. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96413-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96413-9"><bdi>978-0-275-96413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Psychotherapy%3A+From+Freud+to+Alien+Abductions&rft.pages=158-59&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96413-9&rft.au=Donald+A.+Eisner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmcDl6l8uXwC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDiltsDeLozier2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dilts, Robert; DeLozier, Judith (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060637/http://nlpuniversitypress.com/html2/PrPu25.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Encyclopedia of Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding</i></a> (1st ed.). Santa Cruz: NLP University Press. p. 1002. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9701540-0-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9701540-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9701540-0-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://nlpuniversitypress.com/html2/PrPu25.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Systemic+Neuro-Linguistic+Programming+and+NLP+New+Coding&rft.place=Santa+Cruz&rft.pages=1002&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=NLP+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9701540-0-2&rft.aulast=Dilts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=DeLozier%2C+Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnlpuniversitypress.com%2Fhtml2%2FPrPu25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBriers2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Briers, Stephen (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zsQeth9yRAC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MYTH 16: There is no failure, only feedback"</a>. <i>Psychobabble: Exploding the myths of the self-help generation</i> (1st ed.). Santa Cruz: Pearson Education Limited. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-77239-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-77239-2"><bdi>978-0-273-77239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MYTH+16%3A+There+is+no+failure%2C+only+feedback&rft.btitle=Psychobabble%3A+Exploding+the+myths+of+the+self-help+generation&rft.place=Santa+Cruz&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-273-77239-2&rft.aulast=Briers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zsQeth9yRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Zastrow_1990-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Zastrow_1990_59-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFZastrow1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zastrow, C. (1990). "Social Workers and Salesworkers". <i>Journal of Independent Social Work</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 7–16. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ283v04n03_02" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1300/J283v04n03_02</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Independent+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Social+Workers+and+Salesworkers&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7-16&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ283v04n03_02&rft.aulast=Zastrow&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Tosey_and_Mathison_2007-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Tosey_and_Mathison_2007_60-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tosey P. & Mathison, J., "Fabulous Creatures of HRD: A Critical Natural History of Neuro-Linguistic Programming", University of Surrey Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Human Resource Development Research & Practice across Europe, Oxford Brookes Business School, 26–28 June 2007</span></li><li id="cite_note-Yemm_2006-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Yemm_2006_61-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYemm2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yemm, Graham (1 January 2006). "Can NLP help or harm your business?". <i>Industrial and Commercial Training</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 12–17. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F00197850610645990" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1108/00197850610645990</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+and+Commercial+Training&rft.atitle=Can+NLP+help+or+harm+your+business%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-17&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F00197850610645990&rft.aulast=Yemm&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ingalls_1988-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Ingalls_1988_62-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingalls, Joan S. (1988) "Cognition and athletic behavior: An investigation of the NLP principle of congruence." <i>Dissertation Abstracts International.</i> Vol 48(7-B), p. 2090. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42614014" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">42614014</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ionos.com/startupguide/productivity/neuro-linguistic-programming-nlp/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) explained"</a>. <i>IONOS Startupguide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IONOS+Startupguide&rft.atitle=Neuro-linguistic+programming+%28NLP%29+explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionos.com%2Fstartupguide%2Fproductivity%2Fneuro-linguistic-programming-nlp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Devilly_2005-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Devilly_2005_64-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Devilly_2005_64-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Devilly_2005_64-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDevilly2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Devilly, Grant J. (1 June 2005). "Power Therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry". <i>Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>39</b> (6): 437–45. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2Fj.1440-1614.2005.01601.x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15943644" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15943644</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208627667" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">208627667</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Power+Therapies+and+possible+threats+to+the+science+of+psychology+and+psychiatry&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=437-45&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208627667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15943644&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2Fj.1440-1614.2005.01601.x&rft.aulast=Devilly&rft.aufirst=Grant+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Gelso_and_Fassinger_1990-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Gelso_and_Fassinger_1990_65-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGelsoFassinger,_R_E1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gelso, C J; Fassinger, R E (1 January 1990). "Counseling Psychology: Theory and Research on Interventions". <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 355–86. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ps.41.020190.002035" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002035</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2407174" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2407174</a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Neurolinguistic programming, focused on such variables as sensory mode preference and use (<i>e.g.</i>, Graunke & Roberts 1985) and predicate matching (<i>e.g.</i>, Elich et al 1985; Mercier & Johnson 1984) had shown promise at the beginning of the decade, but after several years of conflicting and confusing results, Sharpley (1984, 1987) reviewed the research and concluded that there was little support for the assumptions of NLP. This research is now clearly on the decline, underscoring the value of thoughtful reviews and the publication of nonsupportive results in guiding empirical efforts.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Counseling+Psychology%3A+Theory+and+Research+on+Interventions&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=355-86&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ps.41.020190.002035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2407174&rft.aulast=Gelso&rft.aufirst=C+J&rft.au=Fassinger%2C+R+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSharpley1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sharpley, Christopher F. 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"Predicate matching in NLP: a review of research on the preferred representational system". <i>Journal of Counseling Psychology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 238–48. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.31.2.238" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.238</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+Psychology&rft.atitle=Predicate+matching+in+NLP%3A+a+review+of+research+on+the+preferred+representational+system.&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=238-48&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0167.31.2.238&rft.aulast=Sharpley&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heap. M., (1988) <a class="external text" href="http://www.mheap.com/nlp1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Neurolinguistic programming: An interim verdict</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615185758/http://www.mheap.com/nlp1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 15 June 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In M. Heap (Ed.) Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices. London: Croom Helm, pp. 268–80.</span></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFEinspruchForman,_Bruce_D.1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D. (1 January 1985). "Observations concerning research literature on neuro-linguistic programming". <i>Journal of Counseling Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 589–96. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.32.4.589" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.589</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+Psychology&rft.atitle=Observations+concerning+research+literature+on+neuro-linguistic+programming.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=589-96&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0167.32.4.589&rft.aulast=Einspruch&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft.au=Forman%2C+Bruce+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMurray2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Murray, Laura L. (30 May 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://ebmh.bmj.com/content/early/2013/05/29/eb-2013-101355.extract" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Limited evidence that neurolinguistic programming improves health-related outcomes"</a>. <i>Evidence-Based Mental Health</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 79. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Feb-2013-101355" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1136/eb-2013-101355</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23723409" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23723409</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150295" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">150295</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Limited+evidence+that+neurolinguistic+programming+improves+health-related+outcomes.&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23723409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Feb-2013-101355&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Laura+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febmh.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2013%2F05%2F29%2Feb-2013-101355.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103034855/http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Research/index.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Research"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neuro-Linguistic+Programming+and+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.som.surrey.ac.uk%2FNLP%2FResearch%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFToseyMathison2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tosey, P.; Mathison, J. (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719120020/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7448/126/Mathison_Tosey_QROM_final_Oct_2009_amended_Jan_2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Exploring inner landscapes through psychophenomenology: The contribution of neuro-linguistic programming to innovations in researching first person experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management</i>. <b>5</b>: 63–82. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17465641011042035" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1108/17465641011042035</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7448/126/Mathison_Tosey_QROM_final_Oct_2009_amended_Jan_2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Research+in+Organizations+and+Management&rft.atitle=Exploring+inner+landscapes+through+psychophenomenology%3A+The+contribution+of+neuro-linguistic+programming+to+innovations+in+researching+first+person+experience&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=63-82&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17465641011042035&rft.aulast=Tosey&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Mathison%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepubs.surrey.ac.uk%2F7448%2F126%2FMathison_Tosey_QROM_final_Oct_2009_amended_Jan_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Beyerstein1990-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Beyerstein1990_74-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Beyerstein1990_74-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBeyerstein,_B.L1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Beyerstein, B.L (1990). "Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age". <i>International Journal of Mental Health</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 27–36 (27). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207411.1990.11449169" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Brainscams%3A+Neuromythologies+of+the+New+Age&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=27-36+%2827%29&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207411.1990.11449169&rft.au=Beyerstein%2C+B.L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCorballis2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corballis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Corballis">Corballis, Michael C.</a> (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFE5UCaFwEQC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chapter 13 Educational double-think"</a>. In Della Sala, Sergio; Anderson, Mike (eds.). <i>Neuroscience in Education: The good, the bad, and the ugly</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–26. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960049-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960049-6"><bdi>978-0-19-960049-6</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">The notion of hemisphericity is also incorporated into such cult activities as Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP).... In any event, NLP is a movement that is still going strong, but has little scientific credibility.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+Educational+double-think&rft.btitle=Neuroscience+in+Education%3A+The+good%2C+the+bad%2C+and+the+ugly&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=225-26&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960049-6&rft.aulast=Corballis&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFE5UCaFwEQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Singer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Margaret Singer">Singer, Margaret</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janja_Lalich" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Janja Lalich">Lalich, Janja</a> (1997). <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Therapies_(book)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crazy Therapies (book)">Crazy Therapies: What Are They? Do They Work?</a></i> Jossey Bass, pp. 167–95 (169). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-0278-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7879-0278-0">0-7879-0278-0</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Eds.) Lilienfeld, S., Lynn, S., & Lohr, J. (2004). <i>Science and Pseudo-science in Clinical Psychology</i>. The Guilford Press.</span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDella_Sala2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Della Sala, Sergio (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eftFztxKBAwC&pg=PR20" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Introduction: The myth of 10% and other Tall Tales about the mind and brain"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eftFztxKBAwC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact from Fiction</i></a> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xx. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856876-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856876-6"><bdi>978-0-19-856876-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+myth+of+10%25+and+other+Tall+Tales+about+the+mind+and+brain&rft.btitle=Tall+Tales+About+the+Mind+and+Brain%3A+Separating+Fact+from+Fiction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xx&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856876-6&rft.aulast=Della+Sala&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeftFztxKBAwC%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Williams, ed. (2000), <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience:_From_Alien_Abductions_to_Zone_Therapy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Dearborn_Publishers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers">Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-207-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-207-4">978-1-57958-207-4</a> p. 235</span></li><li id="cite_note-Lum2001-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Lum2001_80-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Lum2001_80-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLum.C2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lum.C (2001). <i>Scientific Thinking in Speech and Language Therapy</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 16. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4029-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4029-2"><bdi>978-0-8058-4029-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Thinking+in+Speech+and+Language+Therapy&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-4029-2&rft.au=Lum.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lilienfeld2001-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Lilienfeld2001_81-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Lilienfeld2001_81-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLilienfeldLohr,_Jeffrey_M.Morier,_Dean2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lohr, Jeffrey M.; Morier, Dean (1 July 2001). "The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources". <i>Teaching of Psychology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 182–91. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1001.2558" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1.1.1001.2558</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15328023TOP2803_03" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1207/S15328023TOP2803_03</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145224099" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">145224099</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teaching+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Teaching+of+Courses+in+the+Science+and+Pseudoscience+of+Psychology%3A+Useful+Resources&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=182-91&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1001.2558%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145224099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15328023TOP2803_03&rft.aulast=Lilienfeld&rft.aufirst=Scott+O.&rft.au=Lohr%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Morier%2C+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Dunn,_Halonen_&_Smith_2008_82-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDunnHalonenSmith2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dunn D, Halonen J, Smith R (2008). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachingcritical00dunn" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Teaching Critical Thinking in Psychology</i></a></span>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachingcritical00dunn/page/n28" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7402-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7402-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7402-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Critical+Thinking+in+Psychology&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7402-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Halonen%2C+J&rft.au=Smith%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteachingcritical00dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHarris1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harris, Lauren Julius (1988). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un-AIyRU328C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chapter 8 Right-Brain Training: Some Reflections on the Application of Research on Cerebral Hemispheric Specialization to Education"</a>. In Molfese, Dennis L.; Segalowitz, Sidney J. (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainlateralizat0000molf/page/214" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Brain Lateralization in Children: Developmental Implications</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Guilford Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainlateralizat0000molf/page/214" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">214</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-719-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-719-0"><bdi>978-0-89862-719-0</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">NLP began in 1975 and has quickly achieved cult status.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+Right-Brain+Training%3A+Some+Reflections+on+the+Application+of+Research+on+Cerebral+Hemispheric+Specialization+to+Education&rft.btitle=Brain+Lateralization+in+Children%3A+Developmental+Implications&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-719-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lauren+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun-AIyRU328C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Roderique-Davies_2009-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Roderique-Davies_2009_86-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Roderique-Davies_2009_86-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRoderique-Davies2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Roderique-Davies, G. (2009). "Neuro-linguistic programming: Cargo cult psychology?". <i>Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 58–63. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17581184200900014" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1108/17581184200900014</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Research+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Neuro-linguistic+programming%3A+Cargo+cult+psychology%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-63&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17581184200900014&rft.aulast=Roderique-Davies&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span> <a class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905075141/http://jarhe.research.glam.ac.uk/media/files/documents/2009-07-17/JARHE_V1.2_Jul09_Web_pp57-63.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRowan2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rowan, John (December 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sgcp.org.uk/sgcp/publications/the-coaching-psychologist/the-coaching-psychologist-4.3$.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NLP is not based on constructivism"</a>. <i>The Coaching Psychologist</i>. <b>4</b> (3). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-1104" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1748-1104</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Coaching+Psychologist&rft.atitle=NLP+is+not+based+on+constructivism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008-12&rft.issn=1748-1104&rft.aulast=Rowan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgcp.org.uk%2Fsgcp%2Fpublications%2Fthe-coaching-psychologist%2Fthe-coaching-psychologist-4.3%24.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNorcrossKoocher,_Gerald_P.Garofalo,_Ariele2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele (1 January 2006). <a class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cce72f4138d202cacf009a4a98313ce47ba86a7b" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll"</a>. <i>Professional Psychology: Research and Practice</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 515–22. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7028.37.5.515" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35414392" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">35414392</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Professional+Psychology%3A+Research+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Discredited+psychological+treatments+and+tests%3A+A+Delphi+poll.&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=515-22&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0735-7028.37.5.515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35414392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Norcross&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Koocher%2C+Gerald+P.&rft.au=Garofalo%2C+Ariele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fcce72f4138d202cacf009a4a98313ce47ba86a7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNorcrossKoocher,_Gerald_P.Fala,_Natalie_C.Wexler,_Harry_K.2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Fala, Natalie C.; Wexler, Harry K. (1 September 2010). "What Does Not Work? Expert Consensus on Discredited Treatments in the Addictions". <i>Journal of Addiction Medicine</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 174–180. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FADM.0b013e3181c5f9db" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181c5f9db</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21769032" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">21769032</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41494642" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">41494642</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Addiction+Medicine&rft.atitle=What+Does+Not+Work%3F+Expert+Consensus+on+Discredited+Treatments+in+the+Addictions&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=174-180&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41494642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21769032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FADM.0b013e3181c5f9db&rft.aulast=Norcross&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Koocher%2C+Gerald+P.&rft.au=Fala%2C+Natalie+C.&rft.au=Wexler%2C+Harry+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGlasner-EdwardsRawson,_Richard2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Glasner-Edwards, Suzette; Rawson, Richard (1 October 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951979" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Evidence-based practices in addiction treatment: Review and recommendations for public policy"</a>. <i>Health Policy</i>. <b>97</b> (2–3): 93–104. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healthpol.2010.05.013" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.013</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951979" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2951979</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20557970" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">20557970</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Policy&rft.atitle=Evidence-based+practices+in+addiction+treatment%3A+Review+and+recommendations+for+public+policy&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=93-104&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2951979%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20557970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.healthpol.2010.05.013&rft.aulast=Glasner-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Suzette&rft.au=Rawson%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2951979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Tye1994-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Tye1994_92-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Tye1994_92-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTye1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tye, Marcus J.C. (1994). "Neurolinguistic programming: Magic or myth?". <i>Journal of Accelerative Learning & Teaching</i>. <b>19</b> (3–4): 309–42. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0273-2459" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0273-2459</a>. 2003-01157-001.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Accelerative+Learning+%26+Teaching&rft.atitle=Neurolinguistic+programming%3A+Magic+or+myth%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=309-42&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0273-2459&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Marcus+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFLevelt1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Levelt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Willem Levelt">Levelt, Willem J.M</a> (1996). <a class="external text" href="http://www.skepsis.nl/nlp.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"u voor neuro-linguistische programmering"</a>. <i>Skepter</i> (in Dutch). <b>9</b> (3).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skepter&rft.atitle=u+voor+neuro-linguistische+programmering&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Levelt&rft.aufirst=Willem+J.M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepsis.nl%2Fnlp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCorballis1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Corballis, M.C. (1999). "Are we in our right minds?". In S.D. Sala (ed.). <i>Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain</i> (Repr. ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 41. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98303-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98303-3"><bdi>978-0-471-98303-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Are+we+in+our+right+minds%3F&rft.btitle=Mind+Myths%3A+Exploring+Popular+Assumptions+About+the+Mind+and+Brain&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-471-98303-3&rft.aulast=Corballis&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDrenth2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Drenth, Pieter J.D (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616080310/http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Growing anti-intellectualism in Europe; a menace to science"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studia Psychologica</i>. <b>45</b>: 5–13. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Psychologica&rft.atitle=Growing+anti-intellectualism+in+Europe%3B+a+menace+to+science&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=5-13&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Drenth&rft.aufirst=Pieter+J.D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allea.org%2FPages%2FALL%2F4%2F881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWeisbergKeilGoodsteinRawson2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Weisberg, D. S.; Keil, F. C.; Goodstein, J.; Rawson, E.; Gray, J. R. (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778755" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations"</a>. <i>Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 470–77. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjocn.2008.20040" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/jocn.2008.20040</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778755" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2778755</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18004955" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18004955</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognitive+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+Seductive+Allure+of+Neuroscience+Explanations&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=470-77&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2778755%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18004955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjocn.2008.20040&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft.au=Keil%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+J.&rft.au=Rawson%2C+E.&rft.au=Gray%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2778755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hunt_2003-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Hunt_2003_98-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Hunt_2003_98-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHunt2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hunt, Stephen J. (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GuWbJhYIccC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction</i></a>. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3410-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3410-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-3410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Religions%3A+A+Sociological+Introduction&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3410-2&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GuWbJhYIccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Barrett_1998-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Barrett_1998_99-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarrett1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barrett, David V. (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVSbJQAACAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions: A World Survey and Sourcebook</i></a>. Singapore: Blandford Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713727562" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780713727562"><bdi>9780713727562</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sects%2C+Cults+and+Alternative+Religions%3A+A+World+Survey+and+Sourcebook&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780713727562&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=David+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVSbJQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWhiworth2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Whiworth, Belinda (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTf5_APP9uAC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>New Age Encyclopedia: A Mind, Body, Spirit Reference Guide</i></a> (1st ed.). New Jersey: New Page Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-640-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-640-3"><bdi>978-1-56414-640-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Mind%2C+Body%2C+Spirit+Reference+Guide&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+Page+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56414-640-3&rft.aulast=Whiworth&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTf5_APP9uAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKempLewis2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R., eds. (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bm-7DH2bZ8QC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Handbook of New Age</i></a>. <i>Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion</i> (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004153554" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789004153554"><bdi>9789004153554</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Age&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft.isbn=9789004153554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBm-7DH2bZ8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010-102" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010_102-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Aupers_&_Houtman_2010_102-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAupersHoutman2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aupers, Stef; Houtman, Dick, eds. (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l85zsiTI28sC&pg=PA115" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital</i></a>. <i>International Studies in Religion and Society</i> (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–32. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004184510" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789004184510"><bdi>9789004184510</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-4293" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1573-4293</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Modernity%3A+Relocating+the+Sacred+to+the+Self+and+the+Digital&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=115-32&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1573-4293&rft.isbn=9789004184510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl85zsiTI28sC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hammer_&_Rothstein_2012-103" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-Hammer_&_Rothstein_2012_103-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHammerRothstein2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael, eds. (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnD-fAPCb2UC&pg=PA247" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements</i></a> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 247. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14565-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14565-7"><bdi>978-0-521-14565-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=247&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14565-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnD-fAPCb2UC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-104" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCresswellWilson1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cresswell, Jamie; Wilson, Bryan, eds. (1999). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egbKOokRqB0C&pg=PA64" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response</i></a> (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 64. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20049-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20049-3"><bdi>978-0-415-20049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements%3A+Challenge+and+Response&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20049-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegbKOokRqB0C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-105" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEdwards2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Edwards, Linda (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_s5t3" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_s5t3/page/573" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">573</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22259-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22259-8"><bdi>978-0-664-22259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Beliefs%3A+Ideas%2C+Theologies%2C+Mysteries%2C+and+Movements&rft.place=Kentucky&rft.pages=573&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22259-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_s5t3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-106" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-106" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWalker2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Walker, James K. (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseguidetoto0000walk" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Oregon: Harvest House Pubslishers. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseguidetoto0000walk/page/235" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">235</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-2011-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-2011-7"><bdi>978-0-7369-2011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Guide+to+Today%27s+Religions+and+Spirituality&rft.place=Oregon&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Pubslishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-2011-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseguidetoto0000walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-107" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-107" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFClarke2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq988pEebSAC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements</i></a> (1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 440–41. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48433-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48433-3"><bdi>978-0-203-48433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London&rft.pages=440-41&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-48433-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHq988pEebSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-108" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLangford1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Langford, Jean M. (February 1999). "Medical Mimesis: Healing Signs of a Cosmopolitan "Quack"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 24–46. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.24" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.24</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/647497" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">647497</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Medical+Mimesis%3A+Healing+Signs+of+a+Cosmopolitan+%22Quack%22&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-46&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F647497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Jean+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-109" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderDeLozier1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; DeLozier, Judith (1987). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turtlesallwaydow00grin" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Turtles All The Way Down: Prerequisites To Personal Genius</i></a></span> (1st ed.). California: Grinder & Associates. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55552-022-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55552-022-9"><bdi>978-1-55552-022-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtles+All+The+Way+Down%3A+Prerequisites+To+Personal+Genius&rft.place=California&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Grinder+%26+Associates&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-55552-022-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=DeLozier%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturtlesallwaydow00grin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-110" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-110" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBostic_St._Clair2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair (2001). "Chapter 3: The New Code". <i>Whispering in the Wind</i>. J & C Enterprises. p. 174. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9717223-0-9</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Triple Description also owes much to Castaneda's definition of a warrior as a person who collects multiple descriptions of the world (without any movement to resolve the question of which of these descriptions represents reality).</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+New+Code&rft.btitle=Whispering+in+the+Wind&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=J+%26+C+Enterprises&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bostic+St.+Clair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-111" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-111" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrimley2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grimley, Bruce (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncPP-6AGIJkC&pg=PA31" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Theory and Practice of NLP Coaching: A Psychological Approach</i></a> (1st ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. p. 31. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-0172-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-0172-5"><bdi>978-1-4462-0172-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+NLP+Coaching%3A+A+Psychological+Approach&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-0172-5&rft.aulast=Grimley&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncPP-6AGIJkC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-112" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFanthorpeFanthorpe2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fanthorpe, Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2xkzYS1z_AC&pg=PA112" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mysteries and Secrets of Voodoo, Santeria, and Obeah</i></a> (1st ed.). New Jersey: New Page Books. p. 112. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-784-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-784-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-784-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+and+Secrets+of+Voodoo%2C+Santeria%2C+and+Obeah&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+Page+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-784-6&rft.aulast=Fanthorpe&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.au=Fanthorpe%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2xkzYS1z_AC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-113" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-113" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBovbjerg2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bovbjerg, Kirsten Marie (1 May 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2011.573333" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Personal Development under Market Conditions: NLP and the Emergence of an Ethics of Sensitivity Based on the Idea of the Hidden Potential of the Individual"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary Religion</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 189–205. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537903.2011.573333" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/13537903.2011.573333</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1353-7903" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1353-7903</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145148234" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">145148234</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=Personal+Development+under+Market+Conditions%3A+NLP+and+the+Emergence+of+an+Ethics+of+Sensitivity+Based+on+the+Idea+of+the+Hidden+Potential+of+the+Individual&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-205&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145148234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-7903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537903.2011.573333&rft.aulast=Bovbjerg&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13537903.2011.573333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-114" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJeremiah1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jeremiah, David (1995). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak6a3Ye53OYC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chapter 9 Corporate Takeovers"</a>. <i>Invasion of Other Gods: The Seduction of New Age Spirituality</i>(1st ed.). W Publishing Group. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-3987-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-3987-7"><bdi>978-0-8499-3987-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+Corporate+Takeovers&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+Other+Gods%3A+The+Seduction+of+New+Age+Spirituality&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8499-3987-7&rft.aulast=Jeremiah&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak6a3Ye53OYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-115" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-115" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Not Ltd v. Unlimited Ltd et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 1981, No. 78482)</i></cite> (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County 29 October 1981).<a class="external text" href="http://63.197.255.150/openaccesspublic/civil/casereport.asp?casenumber=CV078482&courtcode=A&casetype=CIS" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-116" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.chris-nlp-hall.com/galleries/docs/Summary%20of%20Legal%20Proceedings.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Text of Bandler Lawsuit"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Bandler+Lawsuit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chris-nlp-hall.com%2Fgalleries%2Fdocs%2FSummary%2520of%2520Legal%2520Proceedings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-117" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-117" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.steverrobbins.com/nlpschedule/random/lawsuit-text.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Summary of the Legal Proceedings January 1997 – June 23, 2003"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+Legal+Proceedings+January+1997+%E2%80%93+June+23%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steverrobbins.com%2Fnlpschedule%2Frandom%2Flawsuit-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-118" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-118" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Richard W Bandler et al v. Quantum Leap Inc. et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 2000, No. 132495)</i></cite> (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County 10 February 2000).<a class="external text" href="http://63.197.255.150/openaccesspublic/civil/casereport.asp?casenumber=CV132495&courtcode=A&casetype=CIS" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Text</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-119" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-119" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210021504/http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NLP Matters 2"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 10 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLP+Matters+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anlp.org%2Fanlpnews2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-120" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010406091232/http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NLP Matters"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.anlp.org/anlpnews.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 6 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLP+Matters&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.anlp.org%2Fanlpnews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-121" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-121" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmcase/Results/1/UK00002067188" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Case details for trade mark UK00002067188"</a>. 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+details+for+trade+mark+UK00002067188&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipo.gov.uk%2Ftmcase%2FResults%2F1%2FUK00002067188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-122" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-122" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGrinderBostic_St._Clair2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair (2001). "Appendix A". <i>Whispering in the Wind</i>. J & C Enterprises. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717223-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9717223-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A&rft.btitle=Whispering+in+the+Wind&rft.pub=J+%26+C+Enterprises&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9&rft.aulast=Grinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bostic+St.+Clair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-123" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-123" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHall2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hall, L.Michael (20 September 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627130505/http://www.neurosemantics.com/nlp/the-history-of-nlp/the-lawsuit-that-almost-killed-nlp" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The lawsuit that almost killed NLP"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.neurosemantics.com/nlp/the-history-of-nlp/the-lawsuit-that-almost-killed-nlp" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+lawsuit+that+almost+killed+NLP&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=L.Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neurosemantics.com%2Fnlp%2Fthe-history-of-nlp%2Fthe-lawsuit-that-almost-killed-nlp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-124" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042934/http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"3.5. Who Owns NLP?"</a>. <i>NLP Archives – Frequently Asked Questions about NLP</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 24 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NLP+Archives+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+NLP&rft.atitle=3.5.+Who+Owns+NLP%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.telenet.be%2Fmerlevede%2Fnlpfaq35.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-125" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627031836/http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/lawsuit.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"This page contains the ruling in the case of Richard Bandler against many others in the NLP community"</a>. <i>NLP Archives – Frequently Asked Questions about NLP</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/lawsuit.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a>on 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NLP+Archives+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+NLP&rft.atitle=This+page+contains+the+ruling+in+the+case+of+Richard+Bandler+against+many+others+in+the+NLP+community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.telenet.be%2Fmerlevede%2Flawsuit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-126" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-ReferenceA_126-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-ReferenceA_126-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=75351747&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"75351747"</a>. <i>Trademark Status and Document Retrieval</i>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trademark+Status+and+Document+Retrieval&rft.atitle=75351747&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsdr.uspto.gov%2F%23caseNumber%3D75351747%26caseType%3DSERIAL_NO%26searchType%3DstatusSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-tsdr.uspto.gov-127" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-tsdr.uspto.gov_127-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-tsdr.uspto.gov_127-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=73253122&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"73253122"</a>. <i>Trademark Status and Document Retrieval</i>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trademark+Status+and+Document+Retrieval&rft.atitle=73253122&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsdr.uspto.gov%2F%23caseNumber%3D73253122%26caseType%3DSERIAL_NO%26searchType%3DstatusSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-128" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-128" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042934/http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NLP FAQ"</a>. 27 July 2001. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 24 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLP+FAQ&rft.date=2001-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.telenet.be%2Fmerlevede%2Fnlpfaq35.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-129" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.steverrobbins.com/nlpschedule/random/lawsuit-nlpc.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NLP Comprehensive Lawsuit Response"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 June</span>2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLP+Comprehensive+Lawsuit+Response&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steverrobbins.com%2Fnlpschedule%2Frandom%2Flawsuit-nlpc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-130" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-130" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irish National Center for Guidance in Education's "Guidance Counsellor's Handbook</span></li><li id="cite_note-131" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-131" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMoxom2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moxom, Karen (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KEYurmAA8sC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Three: Demonstrating Best Practice"</a>. <i>The NLP Professional: Create a More Professional, Effective and Successful NLP Business</i> (1st ed.). Herts: Ecademy Press. pp. 46–50. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907722-55-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907722-55-4"><bdi>978-1-907722-55-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three%3A+Demonstrating+Best+Practice&rft.btitle=The+NLP+Professional%3A+Create+a+More+Professional%2C+Effective+and+Successful+NLP+Business&rft.place=Herts&rft.pages=46-50&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ecademy+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907722-55-4&rft.aulast=Moxom&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KEYurmAA8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-bbc-george-132" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming#cite_ref-bbc-george_132-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8303126.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cat registered as hypnotherapist"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 12 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cat+registered+as+hypnotherapist&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8303126.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1981), <i>Reframing: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Transformation of Meaning</i>, Real People Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911226-25-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-911226-25-7">0-911226-25-7</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 204, 51); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 86.3906px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="48" data-file-width="48" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 601px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">further reading</a></b> section may contain inappropriate or excessive suggestions that may not follow Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:External links">guidelines</a>. Please ensure that only a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_directory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">reasonable number</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MEDDATE" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:MEDDATE">topical</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>, and notable further reading suggestions are given; removing less relevant or redundant publications with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">same point of view</a> where appropriate. Consider utilising appropriate texts as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">inline sources</a> or creating a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bibliographies#Relevant_guidelines_and_manual_of_style" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bibliographies">separate bibliography article</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuro-linguistic_programming" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:Category:Neuro-linguistic programming">Neuro-linguistic programming</a></span>.</div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; 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vertical-align: middle;" width="34" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="q:Neuro-linguistic programming">Neuro-linguistic programming</a></b></i>.</div></div></div><div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Online articles</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBushak2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bushak, Lecia (22 October 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.medicaldaily.com/neuro-linguistic-programming-unregulated-mental-health-therapy-may-make-patients-worse-suicidal" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neuro-Linguistic Programming, Unregulated Mental Health Therapy, May Make Patients Worse, Suicidal"</a>. <i>Medical Daily</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Daily&rft.atitle=Neuro-Linguistic+Programming%2C+Unregulated+Mental+Health+Therapy%2C+May+Make+Patients+Worse%2C+Suicidal&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.aulast=Bushak&rft.aufirst=Lecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicaldaily.com%2Fneuro-linguistic-programming-unregulated-mental-health-therapy-may-make-patients-worse-suicidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFDunning2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (26 May 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4155" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); padding-right: 1em;">"Skeptoid #155: NLP: Neuro-linguistic Programming"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23155%3A+NLP%3A+Neuro-linguistic+Programming&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFParlato2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Parlato, Frank (20 January 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://artvoice.com/2019/01/20/the-suicide-pattern-of-nlp-was-it-helpful-to-nancy-salzman-and-keith-raniere/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Suicide Pattern of NLP – was it helpful to Nancy Salzman and Keith Raniere?"</a>. <i>Artvoice</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artvoice&rft.atitle=The+Suicide+Pattern+of+NLP+%E2%80%93+was+it+helpful+to+Nancy+Salzman+and+Keith+Raniere%3F&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft.aulast=Parlato&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartvoice.com%2F2019%2F01%2F20%2Fthe-suicide-pattern-of-nlp-was-it-helpful-to-nancy-salzman-and-keith-raniere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-24617644" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neuro Linguistic Programming: Mental health veterans therapy fear"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 22 October 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Neuro+Linguistic+Programming%3A+Mental+health+veterans+therapy+fear&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-24617644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Books</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAndreas,_SteveCharles_Faulkner1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Andreas, Steve; Charles Faulkner, eds. (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nlpnewtechnology00andr" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>NLP: the new technology of achievement</i></a>. New York, NY: HarperCollins. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-14619-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-14619-1"><bdi>978-0-688-14619-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NLP%3A+the+new+technology+of+achievement&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-688-14619-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnlpnewtechnology00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAustin,_A.2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Austin, A. (2007). <i>The Rainbow Machine: Tales from a Neurolinguist's Journal</i>. UK: Real People Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911226-44-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911226-44-7"><bdi>978-0-911226-44-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rainbow+Machine%3A+Tales+from+a+Neurolinguist%27s+Journal&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Real+People+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-911226-44-7&rft.au=Austin%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bandler, R., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Andreas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Andreas">Andreas, S.</a> (ed.) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connirae_Andreas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Connirae Andreas">Andreas, C.</a> (ed.) (1985), <i>Using Your Brain-for a Change</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911226-27-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-911226-27-3">0-911226-27-3</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBradbury2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bradbury, A (2008). "Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Time for an Informed Review". <i>Skeptical Intelligencer</i>. <b>11</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Neuro-Linguistic+Programming%3A+Time+for+an+Informed+Review&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBurn,_Gillian2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Burn, Gillian (2005). <i>NLP Pocketbook</i>. Alresford, United Kingdom: Management Pocketbooks Ltd. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903776-31-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903776-31-5"><bdi>978-1-903776-31-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NLP+Pocketbook&rft.place=Alresford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Management+Pocketbooks+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-903776-31-5&rft.au=Burn%2C+Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Dilts&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Dilts (page does not exist)">Dilts, R.</a>, Hallbom, Tim, Smith, Suzi (1990), <i>Beliefs: Pathways to Health & Well-being</i>, Crown House Publishing, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84590-802-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84590-802-7">978-1-84590-802-7</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Dilts&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Dilts (page does not exist)">Dilts, R.</a> (1990), <i>Changing Belief Systems with NLP</i>, Meta Publications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-24-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916990-24-4">978-0-916990-24-4</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEllerton,_Roger2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ellerton, Roger (2005). <i>Live Your Dreams, Let Reality Catch Up: NLP and Common Sense for Coaches, Managers and You</i>. Ottawa, Canada: Trafford Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4709-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4709-8"><bdi>978-1-4120-4709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+Your+Dreams%2C+Let+Reality+Catch+Up%3A+NLP+and+Common+Sense+for+Coaches%2C+Managers+and+You&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-4709-8&rft.au=Ellerton%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Grinder, J., Bandler, R. (1976), <i>Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson Volume I</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916990-01-X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-916990-01-X">0-916990-01-X</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Grinder, M., Lori Stephens (ed.) (1991), <i>Righting the Educational Conveyor Belt</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55552-036-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-55552-036-7">1-55552-036-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_Z._Laborde" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genie Z. Laborde">Genie Z. Laborde</a>, PhD (1987), <i>Influencing with Integrity: Management Skills for Communication and Negotiation</i>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">O'Connor, Joseph (2007), <i>Not Pulling Strings: Application of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Teaching and Learning Music</i>. Kahn & Averill, London <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871082-90-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-871082-90-0">1-871082-90-0</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Satir" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virginia Satir">Satir, V.</a>, Grinder, J., Bandler, R. (1976), <i>Changing with Families: A Book about Further Education for Being Human</i>, Science and Behavior Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8314-0051-X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8314-0051-X">0-8314-0051-X</a></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Journal articles</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPlatt,_Garry2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Platt, Garry (2001). "NLP – Neuro Linguistic Programming or No Longer Plausible?". <i>Training Journal</i>. May. <b>2001</b>: 10–15.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Training+Journal&rft.atitle=NLP+%E2%80%93+Neuro+Linguistic+Programming+or+No+Longer+Plausible%3F&rft.volume=2001&rft.pages=10-15&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Platt%2C+Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMorgan,_Dylan_A1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morgan, Dylan A (1993). "Scientific Assessment of NLP". <i>Journal of the National Council for Psychotherapy & Hypnotherapy Register</i>. Spring. <b>1993</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Council+for+Psychotherapy+%26+Hypnotherapy+Register&rft.atitle=Scientific+Assessment+of+NLP&rft.volume=1993&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Dylan+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeuro-linguistic+programming"></span></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-label="Navbox" class="navbox authority-control" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 864px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 856px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; 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margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information science">information science</a>.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA23792-1600x1200(1).jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/220px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/330px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/440px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA23792-1600x1200(1).jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The existence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comet NEOWISE">Comet NEOWISE</a> (here depicted as a series of red dots) was discovered by analyzing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astronomical survey">astronomical survey</a> data acquired by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_telescope" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a>.</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Data science</b> is an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> academic field <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> that uses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_computing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific computing">scientific computing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific method">scientific methods</a>, processes, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and systems to extract or extrapolate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and insights from noisy, structured, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstructured_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unstructured data">unstructured data</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Data science also integrates domain knowledge from the underlying application domain (e.g., natural sciences, information technology, and medicine).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Data science is multifaceted and can be described as a science, a research paradigm, a research method, a discipline, a workflow, and a profession.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Data science is a "concept to unify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Informatics">informatics</a>, and their related <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific method">methods</a>" in order to "understand and analyse actual <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomena" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a>" with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data">data</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> It uses techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, statistics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information science">information science</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_knowledge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Domain knowledge">domain knowledge</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:2-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> However, data science is different from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and information science. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jim Gray (computer scientist)">Jim Gray</a> imagined data science as a "fourth paradigm" of science (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_research" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empirical research">empirical</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basic research">theoretical</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational science">computational</a>, and now data-driven) and asserted that "everything about science is changing because of the impact of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information technology">information technology</a>" and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_explosion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information explosion">data deluge</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TansleyTolle2009_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-TansleyTolle2009-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BellHey2009_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-BellHey2009-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A <b>data scientist</b> is the professional who creates programming code and combines it with statistical knowledge to create insights from data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Foundations">Foundations</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Foundations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Data science is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Academic discipline">field</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> focused on extracting knowledge from typically <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big data">large</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data set">data sets</a> and applying the knowledge and insights from that data to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Problem solving">solve problems</a> in a wide range of application domains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> The field encompasses preparing data for analysis, formulating data science problems, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Analysis">analyzing</a> data, developing data-driven solutions, and presenting findings to inform high-level decisions in a broad range of application domains. As such, it incorporates skills from computer science, statistics, information science, mathematics, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data visualization">data visualization</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_visualization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Information visualization">information visualization</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sonification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data sonification">data sonification</a>, data <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data integration">integration</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Communication">communication</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Business">business</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Statistician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Yau" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nathan Yau">Nathan Yau</a>, drawing on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Fry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a>, also links data science to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>: users should be able to intuitively control and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exploration">explore</a> data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a> identified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Database">database</a> management, statistics and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Distributed computing">distributed and parallel systems</a> as the three emerging foundational professional communities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_to_statistics">Relationship to statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relationship to statistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many statisticians, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Silver" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nate Silver">Nate Silver</a>, have argued that data science is not a new field, but rather another name for statistics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Others argue that data science is distinct from statistics because it focuses on problems and techniques unique to digital data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Dhar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vasant Dhar">Vasant Dhar</a> writes that statistics emphasizes quantitative data and description. In contrast, data science deals with quantitative and qualitative data (e.g. from images, text, sensors, transactions or customer information, etc) and emphasizes prediction and action.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gelman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Gelman">Andrew Gelman</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> has described statistics as a nonessential part of data science.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stanford professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Donoho" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Donoho">David Donoho</a> writes that data science is not distinguished from statistics by the size of datasets or use of computing and that many graduate programs misleadingly advertise their analytics and statistics training as the essence of a data-science program. He describes data science as an applied field growing out of traditional statistics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:7_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:7-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_usage">Early usage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Early usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1962, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tukey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a> described a field he called "data analysis", which resembles modern data science.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:7_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:7-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> In 1985, in a lecture given to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Jeff_Wu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. F. Jeff Wu">C. F. Jeff Wu</a> used the term "data science" for the first time as an alternative name for statistics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Later, attendees at a 1992 statistics symposium at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_2_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Montpellier 2 University">University of Montpellier II</a> acknowledged the emergence of a new discipline focused on data of various origins and forms, combining established concepts and principles of statistics and data analysis with computing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-Murtagh_2018_14-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The term "data science" has been traced back to 1974, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Naur" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a> proposed it as an alternative name for computer science.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:2-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> In 1996, the International Federation of Classification Societies became the first conference to specifically feature data science as a topic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:2-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> However, the definition was still in flux. After the 1985 lecture at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, in 1997 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Jeff_Wu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. F. Jeff Wu">C. F. Jeff Wu</a> again suggested that statistics should be renamed data science. He reasoned that a new name would help statistics shed inaccurate stereotypes, such as being synonymous with accounting or limited to describing data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> In 1998, Hayashi Chikio argued for data science as a new, interdisciplinary concept, with three aspects: data design, collection, and analysis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_24-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-Murtagh_2018_14-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During the 1990s, popular terms for the process of finding patterns in datasets (which were increasingly large) included "knowledge discovery" and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data mining">data mining</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:2-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:1-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modern usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2012, technologists <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Davenport" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas H. Davenport">Thomas H. Davenport</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Patil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DJ Patil">DJ Patil</a> declared "Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> a catch-phrase that was picked up even by major-city newspapers like the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York Times">New York Times</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> A decade later, they reaffirmed it, stating "the job is more in demand than ever with employers".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes attributed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> In a 2001 paper, he advocated an expansion of statistics beyond theory into technical areas; because this would significantly change the field, it warranted a new name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:1-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> "Data science" became more widely used in the next few years: in 2002, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Committee on Data for Science and Technology">Committee on Data for Science and Technology</a> launched <i>Data Science Journal</i>. In 2003, Columbia University launched <i>The Journal of Data Science</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:1-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> In 2014, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a>'s Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data science.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The professional title of "data scientist" has been attributed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Patil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DJ Patil">DJ Patil</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hammerbacher" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeff Hammerbacher">Jeff Hammerbacher</a> in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> Though it was used by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Board" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Science Board">National Science Board</a> in their 2005 report "Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century", it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital data collection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There is still no consensus on the definition of data science, and it is considered by some to be a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big data">Big data</a> is a related marketing term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:5-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> Data scientists are responsible for breaking down big data into usable information and creating software and algorithms that help companies and organizations determine optimal operations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_note-:6-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODSC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ODSC">Open Data Science Conference</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific Data (journal)">Scientific Data</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Women in Data">Women in Data</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDonoho2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Donoho, David (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10618600.2017.1384734" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"50 Years of Data Science"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Computational_and_Graphical_Statistics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics">Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics</a></i>. <b>26</b> (4): 745–766. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10618600.2017.1384734" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114558008" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">114558008</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computational+and+Graphical+Statistics&rft.atitle=50+Years+of+Data+Science&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=745-766&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10618600.2017.1384734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A114558008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Donoho&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10618600.2017.1384734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDhar2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dhar, V. (2013). <a class="external text" href="http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/12/169933-data-science-and-prediction/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Data science and prediction"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>56</b> (12): 64–73. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2500499" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1145/2500499</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6107147" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6107147</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109113411/http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/12/169933-data-science-and-prediction/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 9 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Data+science+and+prediction&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=64-73&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2500499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6107147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dhar&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcacm.acm.org%2Fmagazines%2F2013%2F12%2F169933-data-science-and-prediction%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFDanylukLeidig2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Danyluk, A.; Leidig, P. (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://dstf.acm.org/DSTF_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Computing Competencies for Undergraduate Data Science Curricula</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM Data Science Task Force Final Report</i>(Report).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Computing+Competencies+for+Undergraduate+Data+Science+Curricula&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Danyluk&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Leidig%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdstf.acm.org%2FDSTF_Final_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMike,_Koby_and_Hazzan" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mike, Koby and Hazzan, Orit. <a class="external text" href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm/267286-why-is-it-hard-to-define-data-science/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Why Is It Hard to Define Data Science?"</a>. <i>cacm.acm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cacm.acm.org&rft.atitle=Why+Is+It+Hard+to+Define+Data+Science%3F&rft.aulast=Mike%2C+Koby+and+Hazzan&rft.aufirst=Orit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcacm.acm.org%2Fblogs%2Fblog-cacm%2F267286-why-is-it-hard-to-define-data-science%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHayashi1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hayashi, Chikio (1 January 1998). <a class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/book/9784431702085" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What is Data Science? Fundamental Concepts and a Heuristic Example"</a>. In Hayashi, Chikio; Yajima, Keiji; Bock, Hans-Hermann; Ohsumi, Noboru; Tanaka, Yutaka; Baba, Yasumasa (eds.). <i>Data Science, Classification, and Related Methods</i>. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Springer Japan. pp. 40–51. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-4-431-65950-1_3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-4-431-65950-1_3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784431702085" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9784431702085"><bdi>9784431702085</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Data+Science%3F+Fundamental+Concepts+and+a+Heuristic+Example&rft.btitle=Data+Science%2C+Classification%2C+and+Related+Methods&rft.series=Studies+in+Classification%2C+Data+Analysis%2C+and+Knowledge+Organization&rft.pages=40-51&rft.pub=Springer+Japan&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-4-431-65950-1_3&rft.isbn=9784431702085&rft.aulast=Hayashi&rft.aufirst=Chikio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fbook%2F9784431702085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:2-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:2_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:2_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:2_6-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:2_6-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCao2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cao, Longbing (29 June 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3076253" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Data Science: A Comprehensive Overview"</a>. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 43:1–43:42. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3076253" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1145/3076253</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0360-0300</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207595944" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">207595944</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=Data+Science%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=43%3A1-43%3A42&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207595944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-0300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3076253&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Longbing&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3076253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-TansleyTolle2009-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-TansleyTolle2009_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTony_HeyStewart_TansleyKristin_Michele_Tolle2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tony Hey; Stewart Tansley; Kristin Michele Tolle (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs_AQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Fourth Paradigm: Data-intensive Scientific Discovery</i></a>. Microsoft Research. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9825442-0-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9825442-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9825442-0-4</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320193019/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs_AQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Paradigm%3A+Data-intensive+Scientific+Discovery&rft.pub=Microsoft+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9825442-0-4&rft.au=Tony+Hey&rft.au=Stewart+Tansley&rft.au=Kristin+Michele+Tolle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGs_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-BellHey2009-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-BellHey2009_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBellHeySzalay2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bell, G.; Hey, T.; Szalay, A. (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Views&rft.atitle=Nate+Silver%3A+What+I+need+from+statisticians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statisticsviews.com%2Farticle%2Fnate-silver-what-i-need-from-statisticians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://priceonomics.com/whats-the-difference-between-data-science-and/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What's the Difference Between Data Science and Statistics?"</a>. <i>Priceonomics</i>. 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priceonomics&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Difference+Between+Data+Science+and+Statistics%3F&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpriceonomics.com%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-data-science-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFVasant_Dhar2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vasant Dhar (1 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/31553" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Data science and prediction"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>56</b> (12): 64–73. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2500499" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1145/2500499</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6107147" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6107147</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Data+science+and+prediction&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=64-73&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2500499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6107147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Vasant+Dhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fhandle%2F2451%2F31553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2013/11/14/statistics-least-important-part-data-science/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Statistics is the least important part of data science « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science"</a>. <i>statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Statistics+is+the+least+important+part+of+data+science+%C2%AB+Statistical+Modeling%2C+Causal+Inference%2C+and+Social+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatmodeling.stat.columbia.edu%2F2013%2F11%2F14%2Fstatistics-least-important-part-data-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:7-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:7_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:7_21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFDonoho2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Donoho, David (18 September 2015). <a class="external text" href="http://courses.csail.mit.edu/18.337/2015/docs/50YearsDataScience.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"50 years of Data Science"</a><span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+years+of+Data+Science&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.aulast=Donoho&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.csail.mit.edu%2F18.337%2F2015%2Fdocs%2F50YearsDataScience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWu1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wu, C. F. Jeff (1986). <a class="external text" href="https://www2.isye.gatech.edu/~jeffwu/publications/fazhan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Future directions of statistical research in China: a historical perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Application_of_Statistics_and_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Application of Statistics and Management (page does not exist)">Application of Statistics and Management</a></i>. <b>1</b>: 1–7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Application+of+Statistics+and+Management&rft.atitle=Future+directions+of+statistical+research+in+China%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=C.+F.+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.isye.gatech.edu%2F~jeffwu%2Fpublications%2Ffazhan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEscoufierHayashiFichet1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Escoufier, Yves; Hayashi, Chikio; Fichet, Bernard, eds. (1995). <i>Data science and its applications</i>. Tokyo: Academic Press/Harcourt Brace. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-241770-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-241770-4"><bdi>0-12-241770-4</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489990740" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">489990740</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+science+and+its+applications&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2FHarcourt+Brace&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489990740&rft.isbn=0-12-241770-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Murtagh_2018_14-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_24-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMurtaghDevlin2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Murtagh, Fionn; Devlin, Keith (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbdcc2020014" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Development of Data Science: Implications for Education, Employment, Research, and the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development"</a>. <i>Big Data and Cognitive Computing</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 14. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbdcc2020014" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3390/bdcc2020014</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Big+Data+and+Cognitive+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Data+Science%3A+Implications+for+Education%2C+Employment%2C+Research%2C+and+the+Data+Revolution+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbdcc2020014&rft.aulast=Murtagh&rft.aufirst=Fionn&rft.au=Devlin%2C+Keith&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fbdcc2020014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFWu" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wu, C. F. Jeff. <a class="external text" href="http://www2.isye.gatech.edu/~jeffwu/presentations/datascience.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Statistics=Data Science?"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3DData+Science%3F&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=C.+F.+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.isye.gatech.edu%2F~jeffwu%2Fpresentations%2Fdatascience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:1-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:1_26-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:1_26-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:1_26-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPress" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Press, Gil. <a class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2013/05/28/a-very-short-history-of-data-science/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Very Short History of Data Science"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Very+Short+History+of+Data+Science&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgilpress%2F2013%2F05%2F28%2Fa-very-short-history-of-data-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFDavenport2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Davenport, Thomas (1 October 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Data+Scientist%3A+The+Sexiest+Job+of+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2012%2F10%2Fdata-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMiller2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Miller, Claire (4 April 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/education/edlife/universities-offer-courses-in-a-hot-new-field-data-science.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Data Science: The Numbers of Our Lives"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York City">New York City</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Data+Science%3A+The+Numbers+of+Our+Lives&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F14%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2Funiversities-offer-courses-in-a-hot-new-field-data-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFBorchers2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Borchers, Callum (11 November 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/11/11/behind-scenes-sexiest-job-century/Kc1cvXIu31DfHhVmyRQeIJ/story.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Behind the scenes of the 'sexiest job of the 21st century'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boston">Boston</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 October</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Behind+the+scenes+of+the+%27sexiest+job+of+the+21st+century%27&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Callum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F11%2F11%2Fbehind-scenes-sexiest-job-century%2FKc1cvXIu31DfHhVmyRQeIJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFDavenport2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Davenport, Thomas (15 July 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2022/07/is-data-scientist-still-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Is Data Scientist Still the Sexiest Job of the 21st Century?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 October</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Data+Scientist+Still+the+Sexiest+Job+of+the+21st+Century%3F&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2022%2F07%2Fis-data-scientist-still-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGupta2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gupta, Shanti (11 December 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.stat.purdue.edu/~wsc/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"William S. Cleveland"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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No. October 2012. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0017-8012</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsf.gov&rft.atitle=US+NSF+%E2%80%93+NSB-05-40%2C+Long-Lived+Digital+Data+Collections+Enabling+Research+and+Education+in+the+21st+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fpubs%2F2005%2Fnsb0540%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPress" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Press, Gil. <a class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2013/08/19/data-science-whats-the-half-life-of-a-buzzword/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Data Science: What's The Half-Life of a Buzzword?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Impacts+of+Big+Data+That+You+May+Not+Have+Heard+Of&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fpeterpham%2F2015%2F08%2F28%2Fthe-impacts-of-big-data-that-you-may-not-have-heard-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:6-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science#cite_ref-:6_37-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMartin2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Martin, Sophia (20 September 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-data-science-will-impact-future-of-businesses-7f11f5699c4d" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"How Data Science will Impact Future of Businesses?"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_occupations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Computer occupations">Computer occupations</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computational_fields_of_study" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Computational fields of study">Computational fields of study</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_analysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-11470208583448104152023-02-10T04:50:00.002-08:002023-02-10T04:50:24.517-08:00Artificial General Intelligence<p><br /></p><div class="mw-content-container" style="background-color: white; 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margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div aria-labelledby="unsolved-label-computer_science" class="unsolved" role="note" style="background-color: #eeeeee; background-image: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Question%2C_Web_Fundamentals.svg"); background-position: left 0.35em top 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 1.5em; border: solid rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; max-width: 25%; padding: 0.35em 0.35em 0.35em 2.2em;"><div><span class="unsolved-label" id="unsolved-label-computer_science" style="font-weight: bold;">Unsolved problem in computer science</span>:</div><p class="unsolved-body" style="font-style: italic; margin: 0.35em;">Could an artificial general intelligence be created? If so, how?</p><div class="unsolved-more" style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of unsolved problems in computer science">(more unsolved problems in computer science)</a></div></div><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 17.864px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Outline of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width: 259.156px;"><div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy-1751201_1280.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="Anatomy-1751201 1280.png" data-file-height="1088" data-file-width="1280" decoding="async" height="85" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anatomy-1751201_1280.png/100px-Anatomy-1751201_1280.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anatomy-1751201_1280.png/150px-Anatomy-1751201_1280.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anatomy-1751201_1280.png/200px-Anatomy-1751201_1280.png 2x" style="border: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="true" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">hide</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Artificial general intelligence</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_game_playing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Approaches</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Technology</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Glossary</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Artificial_intelligence&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #3366cc; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Artificial general intelligence</b> (<b>AGI</b>) is the ability of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligent agent">intelligent agent</a> to understand or learn any intellectual task that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human intelligence">human being</a> can.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> It is a primary goal of some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research and a common topic in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Futures studies">futures studies</a>. AGI is also called <b>strong AI</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2005260_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2005260-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005-08-05_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-08-05-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> <b>full AI</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> or <b>general intelligent action</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewellSimon1976_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewellSimon1976-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> although some academic sources reserve the term "strong AI" for computer programs that experience <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sentience">sentience</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Searle's_Strong_AI_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Searle's_Strong_AI-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Strong AI contrasts with <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_AI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weak AI">weak AI</a></i> (or <i>narrow AI</i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005-08-05_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-08-05-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> which is not intended to have general <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> abilities; rather, weak AI is any program that is designed to solve exactly one problem. (Academic sources reserve "weak AI" for programs that do not experience <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> or do not have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind">mind</a> in the same sense people do.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Searle's_Strong_AI_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Searle's_Strong_AI-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup> A 2020 survey identified 72 active AGI R&D projects spread across 37 countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-baum_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-baum-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Various criteria for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> have been proposed (most famously the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>) but to date, there is no definition that satisfies everyone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Intelligence_traits">Intelligence traits</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Intelligence traits">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, there <i>is</i> wide agreement among artificial intelligence researchers that intelligence is required to do the following:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automated reasoning">reason</a>, use strategy, solve puzzles, and make judgments under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knowledge representation">represent knowledge</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)">common sense knowledge</a>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automated planning and scheduling">plan</a>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine learning">learn</a>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">communicate in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural language processing">natural language</a>;</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">integrate all these skills</a> towards common goals. Other important capabilities include:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">input as the ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine perception">sense</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer vision">see</a>, hear, etc.), and</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">output as the ability to act (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robotics">move and manipulate objects</a>, change own location to explore, etc.)</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">in this world where intelligent behaviour is to be observed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> This would include an ability to detect and respond to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hazard">hazard</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> approaches to intelligence (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational intelligence">computational intelligence</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Decision making">decision making</a>) tend to emphasise the need to consider additional traits such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imagination">imagination</a> (taken as the ability to form mental images and concepts that were not programmed in)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-determination theory">autonomy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Computer based systems that exhibit many of these capabilities do exist (e.g. see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_creativity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational creativity">computational creativity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automated reasoning">automated reasoning</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Decision support system">decision support system</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robot">robot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligent agent">intelligent agent</a>), but no one has created an integrated system that excels at all these areas.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematical_formalisms">Mathematical formalisms</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Mathematical formalisms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A mathematically precise specification of AGI was proposed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Hutter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcus Hutter">Marcus Hutter</a> in 2000. Named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIXI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AIXI">AIXI</a>, the proposed agent maximises “the ability to satisfy goals in a wide range of environments”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> This type of AGI, characterized by proof of the ability to maximise a mathematical definition of intelligence rather than exhibit human-like behavior,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> is also called universal artificial intelligence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2015 <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Lieke&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jan Lieke (page does not exist)">Jan Lieke</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Hutter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcus Hutter">Marcus Hutter</a> showed that "Legg-Hutter intelligence is measured with respect to a fixed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal Turing machine">UTM</a>. AIXI is the most intelligent policy if it uses the same UTM", a result which "undermines all existing optimality properties for AIXI".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> This problem stems from AIXI's use of compression as a proxy for intelligence, which requires that cognition take place in isolation from the environment in which goals are pursued. This formalises a philosophical position known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-”mtb1”_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-%E2%80%9Dmtb1%E2%80%9D-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup>. There is arguably more evidence in support of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enactivism">enactivism</a> -- the notion that cognition takes place within the environment in which goals are pursued.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Subsequently, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Timothy_Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Timothy Bennett (page does not exist)">Michael Timothy Bennett</a> formalised enactive cognition (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enactivism">enactivism</a>) and identified an alternative proxy for intelligence called weakness <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-”mtb1”_22-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-%E2%80%9Dmtb1%E2%80%9D-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup>. The accompanying experiments (comparing weakness and compression) and mathematical proofs showed that maximising weakness results in the optimal "ability to complete a wide range of tasks" <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-”mtb2”_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-%E2%80%9Dmtb2%E2%80%9D-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> or equivalently "ability to generalise" <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> (thus maximising intelligence by either definition). This also showed that if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enactivism">enactivism</a> holds and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a> does not, then compression is not necessary or sufficient for intelligence, calling into question widely held views on intelligence (see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutter_Prize" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a>).</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Regardless of the position taken with respect to cognition, whether this type of AGI exhibits human-like behavior (such as the use of natural language) would depend on many factors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> for example the manner in which the agent is embodied,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-”mtb2”_24-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-%E2%80%9Dmtb2%E2%80%9D-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> or whether it has a reward function that closely approximates human primitives of cognition like hunger, pain and so forth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tests_for_confirming_human-level_AGI">Tests for confirming human-level AGI<span class="anchor" id="Tests_for_confirming_human-level_AGI"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Tests for confirming human-level AGI">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following tests to confirm human-level AGI have been considered:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turing test">The Turing Test</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alan Turing"><i>Turing</i></a>)</dt><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">A machine and a human both converse unseen with a second human, who must evaluate which of the two is the machine, which passes the test if it can fool the evaluator a significant fraction of the time. Note: Turing does not prescribe what should qualify as intelligence, only that knowing that it is a machine should disqualify it.</dd><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Coffee Test (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Wozniak"><i>Wozniak</i></a>)</dt><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">A machine is required to enter an average American home and figure out how to make coffee: find the coffee machine, find the coffee, add water, find a mug, and brew the coffee by pushing the proper buttons.</dd><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Robot College Student Test (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Goertzel"><i>Goertzel</i></a>)</dt><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">A machine enrolls in a university, taking and passing the same classes that humans would, and obtaining a degree.</dd><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Employment Test (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_John_Nilsson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nils John Nilsson"><i>Nilsson</i></a>)</dt><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">A machine performs an economically important job at least as well as humans in the same job.</dd></dl><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="AI-complete_problems">AI-complete problems</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: AI-complete problems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AI-complete">AI-complete</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are many individual problems that may require general intelligence, if machines are to solve the problems as well as people do. For example, even specific straightforward tasks, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, require that a machine read and write in both languages (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#Natural_language_processing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">NLP</a>), follow the author's argument (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#Deduction,_reasoning,_problem_solving" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">reason</a>), know what is being talked about (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#Knowledge_representation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">knowledge</a>), and faithfully reproduce the author's original intent (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#Social_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">social intelligence</a>). All of these problems need to be solved simultaneously in order to reach human-level machine performance.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A problem is informally known as "AI-complete" or "AI-hard", if solving it is equivalent to the general aptitude of human intelligence, or strong AI, and is beyond the capabilities of a purpose-specific algorithm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shapiro92_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Shapiro92-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> AI-complete problems are hypothesised to include general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_understanding" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural-language understanding">natural language understanding</a>, and dealing with unexpected circumstances while solving any real-world problem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">AI-complete problems cannot be solved with current computer technology alone, and require <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human computation">human computation</a>. This property could be useful, for example, to test for the presence of humans, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHAs</a> aim to do; and for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer security">computer security</a> to repel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brute-force attack">brute-force attacks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_AI">Classical AI</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Classical AI">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_AI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbolic AI">Symbolic AI</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Modern AI research began in the mid-1950s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> The first generation of AI researchers were convinced that artificial general intelligence was possible and that it would exist in just a few decades.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> AI pioneer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> wrote in 1965: "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> Their predictions were the inspiration for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s character <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a>, who embodied what AI researchers believed they could create by the year 2001. AI pioneer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> was a consultant<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> on the project of making HAL 9000 as realistic as possible according to the consensus predictions of the time; Crevier quotes him as having said on the subject in 1967, "Within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Several <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_AI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbolic AI">classical AI projects</a>, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Lenat" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doug Lenat">Doug Lenat</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyc" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyc">Cyc</a> project (that began in 1984), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soar_(cognitive_architecture)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soar (cognitive architecture)">Soar</a> project, were specifically directed at AGI.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, in the early 1970s and then again in the early 90s, it became obvious that researchers had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. Funding agencies became skeptical of AGI and put researchers under increasing pressure to produce useful "applied AI".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup> As the 1980s began, Japan's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Generation_Computer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fifth Generation Computer">Fifth Generation Computer</a> Project revived interest in AGI, setting out a ten-year timeline that included AGI goals like "carry on a casual conversation".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> In response to this and the success of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systems" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Expert systems">expert systems</a>, both industry and government pumped money back into the field.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENRC1999"Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment"_40-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999%22Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment%22-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> However, confidence in AI spectacularly collapsed in the late 1980s, and the goals of the Fifth Generation Computer Project were never fulfilled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> For the second time in 20 years, AI researchers who had predicted the imminent achievement of AGI had been shown to be fundamentally mistaken. By the 1990s, AI researchers had gained a reputation for making vain promises. They became reluctant to make predictions at all<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup> and to avoid any mention of "human level" artificial intelligence for fear of being labeled "wild-eyed dreamer[s]".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Narrow_AI_research">Narrow AI research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Narrow AI research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 1990s and early 21st century, mainstream AI achieved far greater commercial success and academic respectability by focusing on specific sub-problems where they can produce verifiable results and commercial applications, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a> and statistical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> These "applied AI" systems are now used extensively throughout the technology industry, and research in this vein is very heavily funded in both academia and industry. Currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, development on this field is considered an emerging trend, and a mature stage is expected to happen in more than 10 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Most mainstream AI researchers hope that strong AI can be developed by combining the programs that solve various sub-problems. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> wrote in 1988:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">I am confident that this bottom-up route to artificial intelligence will one day meet the traditional top-down route more than half way, ready to provide the real world competence and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)">commonsense knowledge</a> that has been so frustratingly elusive in reasoning programs. Fully intelligent machines will result when the metaphorical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_spike" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Golden spike">golden spike</a> is driven uniting the two efforts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, even this fundamental philosophy has been disputed; for example, Stevan Harnad of Princeton concluded his 1990 paper on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_grounding_problem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbol grounding problem">Symbol Grounding Hypothesis</a> by stating:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">The expectation has often been voiced that "top-down" (symbolic) approaches to modeling cognition will somehow meet "bottom-up" (sensory) approaches somewhere in between. If the grounding considerations in this paper are valid, then this expectation is hopelessly modular and there is really only one viable route from sense to symbols: from the ground up. A free-floating symbolic level like the software level of a computer will never be reached by this route (or vice versa) – nor is it clear why we should even try to reach such a level, since it looks as if getting there would just amount to uprooting our symbols from their intrinsic meanings (thereby merely reducing ourselves to the functional equivalent of a programmable computer).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_artificial_general_intelligence_research">Modern artificial general intelligence research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modern artificial general intelligence research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The term "artificial general intelligence" was used as early as 1997, by Mark Gubrud<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> in a discussion of the implications of fully automated military production and operations. The term was re-introduced and popularized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Legg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Goertzel">Ben Goertzel</a> around 2002.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> AGI research activity in 2006 was described by Pei Wang and Ben Goertzel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> as "producing publications and preliminary results". The first summer school in AGI was organized in Xiamen, China in 2009<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> by the Xiamen university's Artificial Brain Laboratory and OpenCog. The first university course was given in 2010<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> and 2011<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> at Plovdiv University, Bulgaria by Todor Arnaudov. MIT presented a course in AGI in 2018, organized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Fridman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lex Fridman">Lex Fridman</a> and featuring a number of guest lecturers.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, as of yet, most AI researchers have devoted little attention to AGI, with some claiming that intelligence is too complex to be completely replicated in the near term. However, a small number of computer scientists are active in AGI research, and many of this group are contributing to a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Artificial_General_Intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conference on Artificial General Intelligence">AGI conferences</a>. The research is extremely diverse and often pioneering in nature.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Timescales:</b> In the introduction to his 2006 book,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzelPennachin2006_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzelPennachin2006-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> Goertzel says that estimates of the time needed before a truly flexible AGI is built vary from 10 years to over a century, but the 2007 consensus in the AGI research community seems to be that the timeline discussed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_is_Near" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Singularity is Near">The Singularity is Near</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-K_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-K-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> (i.e. between 2015 and 2045) is plausible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> However, mainstream AI researchers have given a wide range of opinions on whether progress will be this rapid. A 2012 meta-analysis of 95 such opinions found a bias towards predicting that the onset of AGI would occur within 16–26 years for modern and historical predictions alike. It was later found that the dataset listed some experts as non-experts and vice versa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2017, researchers Feng Liu, Yong Shi and Ying Liu conducted intelligence tests on publicly available and freely accessible weak AI such as Google AI or Apple's Siri and others. At the maximum, these AI reached an IQ value of about 47, which corresponds approximately to a six-year-old child in first grade. An adult comes to about 100 on average. Similar tests had been carried out in 2014, with the IQ score reaching a maximum value of 27.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2020, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, a language model capable of performing many diverse tasks without specific training. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Grossman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gary Grossman">Gary Grossman</a> in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VentureBeat">VentureBeat</a> article, while there is consensus that GPT-3 is not an example of AGI, it is considered by some to be too advanced to classify as a narrow AI system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> In the same year Jason Rohrer used his GPT-3 account to develop a chatbot, and provided a chatbot-developing platform called "Project December". OpenAI asked for changes to the chatbot to comply with their safety guidelines; Rohrer disconnected Project December from the GPT-3 API.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepMind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a> developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_(DeepMind)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gato (DeepMind)">Gato</a>, a "general-purpose" system capable of performing more than 600 different tasks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Brain_simulation">Brain simulation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Brain simulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Whole_brain_emulation">Whole brain emulation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Whole brain emulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A popular discussed approach to achieving general intelligent action is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_brain_emulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whole brain emulation">whole brain emulation</a>. A low-level brain model is built by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_scanning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain scanning">scanning</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mapping" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain mapping">mapping</a> a biological brain in detail and copying its state into a computer system or another computational device. The computer runs a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer simulation">simulation</a> model so faithful to the original that it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain, or for all practical purposes, indistinguishably.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_68-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Roadmap-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> Whole brain emulation is discussed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroinformatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroinformatics">neuroinformatics</a>, in the context of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_simulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain simulation">brain simulation</a> for medical research purposes. It is discussed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> as an approach to strong AI. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a> technologies that could deliver the necessary detailed understanding are improving rapidly, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Futurist">futurist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> in the book <i>The Singularity Is Near</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-K_60-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-K-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> predicts that a map of sufficient quality will become available on a similar timescale to the required computing power.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_estimates">Early estimates</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Early estimates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 402px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="300" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg/400px-Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg/600px-Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg/800px-Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Required_Performance.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels (from Ray Kurzweil, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anders Sandberg">Anders Sandberg</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a>), along with the fastest supercomputer from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> mapped by year. Note the logarithmic scale and exponential trendline, which assumes the computational capacity doubles every 1.1 years. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg, Bostrom report is less certain about where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> arises.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandbergBoström2008_69-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandbergBostr%C3%B6m2008-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">For low-level brain simulation, an extremely powerful computer would be required. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human brain">human brain</a> has a huge number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapses" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synapses">synapses</a>. Each of the 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">11</sup> (one hundred billion) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurons">neurons</a> has on average 7,000 synaptic connections (synapses) to other neurons. It has been estimated that the brain of a three-year-old child has about 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">15</sup> synapses (1 quadrillion). This number declines with age, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates vary for an adult, ranging from 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">14</sup> to 5×10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">14</sup> synapses (100 to 500 trillion).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrachman2005_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrachman2005-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> An estimate of the brain's processing power, based on a simple switch model for neuron activity, is around 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">14</sup> (100 trillion) synaptic updates per second (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUPS" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SUPS">SUPS</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1997, Kurzweil looked at various estimates for the hardware required to equal the human brain and adopted a figure of 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">16</sup> computations per second (cps).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[e]</a></sup> (For comparison, if a "computation" was equivalent to one "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FLOPS">floating-point operation</a>" – a measure used to rate current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> – then 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">16</sup> "computations" would be equivalent to 10 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta-" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peta-">petaFLOPS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Performance_records" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FLOPS">achieved in 2011</a>, while 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">18</sup> was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exascale_computing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exascale computing">achieved in 2022</a>.) He used this figure to predict the necessary hardware would be available sometime between 2015 and 2025, if the exponential growth in computer power at the time of writing continued.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modelling_the_neurons_in_more_detail">Modelling the neurons in more detail</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modelling the neurons in more detail">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neuron" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial neuron">artificial neuron</a> model assumed by Kurzweil and used in many current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a> implementations is simple compared with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_neuron_model" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biological neuron model">biological neurons</a>. A brain simulation would likely have to capture the detailed cellular behaviour of biological <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurons">neurons</a>, presently understood only in the broadest of outlines. The overhead introduced by full modeling of the biological, chemical, and physical details of neural behaviour (especially on a molecular scale) would require computational powers several orders of magnitude larger than Kurzweil's estimate. In addition the estimates do not account for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cells" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glial cells">glial cells</a>, which are known to play a role in cognitive processes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Discover2011JanFeb_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-Discover2011JanFeb-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_research">Current research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Current research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are some research projects that are investigating brain simulation using more sophisticated neural models, implemented on conventional computing architectures. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial Intelligence System">Artificial Intelligence System</a> project implemented non-real time simulations of a "brain" (with 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">11</sup> neurons) in 2005. It took 50 days on a cluster of 27 processors to simulate 1 second of a model.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Brain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blue Brain">Blue Brain</a> project used one of the fastest supercomputer architectures in the world, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Gene" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a> platform, to create a real time simulation of a single rat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neocortex">neocortical column</a> consisting of approximately 10,000 neurons and 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">8</sup> synapses in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> A longer-term goal is to build a detailed, functional simulation of the physiological processes in the human brain: "It is not impossible to build a human brain and we can do it in 10 years," <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Markram" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Markram">Henry Markram</a>, director of the Blue Brain Project said in 2009 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TED (conference)">TED conference</a> in Oxford.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> There have also been controversial claims to have simulated a cat brain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Neuro-silicon interfaces have been proposed as an alternative implementation strategy that may scale better.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> addressed the above arguments ("brains are more complicated", "neurons have to be modeled in more detail") in his 1997 paper "When will computer hardware match the human brain?".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998_73-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> He measured the ability of existing software to simulate the functionality of neural tissue, specifically the retina. His results do not depend on the number of glial cells, nor on what kinds of processing neurons perform where.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The actual complexity of modeling biological neurons has been explored in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWorm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OpenWorm">OpenWorm project</a> that was aimed on complete simulation of a worm that has only 302 neurons in its neural network (among about 1000 cells in total). The animal's neural network has been well documented before the start of the project. However, although the task seemed simple at the beginning, the models based on a generic neural network did not work. Currently, the efforts are focused on precise emulation of biological neurons (partly on the molecular level), but the result cannot be called a total success yet.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms_of_simulation-based_approaches">Criticisms of simulation-based approaches</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Criticisms of simulation-based approaches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A fundamental criticism of the simulated brain approach derives from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Embodied cognition">embodied cognition</a> where human embodiment is taken as an essential aspect of human intelligence. Many researchers believe that embodiment is necessary to ground meaning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> If this view is correct, any fully functional brain model will need to encompass more than just the neurons (i.e., a robotic body). Goertzel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> proposes virtual embodiment (like in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i>), but it is not yet known whether this would be sufficient.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Desktop computers using microprocessors capable of more than 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">9</sup> cps (Kurzweil's non-standard unit "computations per second", see above) have been available since 2005. According to the brain power estimates used by Kurzweil (and Moravec), this computer should be capable of supporting a simulation of a bee brain, but despite some interest<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> no such simulation exists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are several reasons for this:</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The neuron model seems to be oversimplified (see next section).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">There is insufficient understanding of higher cognitive processes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[f]</a></sup> to establish accurately what the brain's neural activity (observed using techniques such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging#Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroimaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a>) correlates with.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Even if our understanding of cognition advances sufficiently, early simulation programs are likely to be very inefficient and will, therefore, need considerably more hardware.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The brain of an organism, while critical, may not be an appropriate boundary for a cognitive model. To simulate a bee brain, it may be necessary to simulate the body, and the environment. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Extended_Mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Extended Mind">The Extended Mind</a> thesis formalizes the philosophical concept, and research into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopoda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cephalopoda">cephalopods</a> has demonstrated clear examples of a decentralized system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In addition, the scale of the human brain is not currently well-constrained. One estimate puts the human brain at about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Another estimate is 86 billion neurons of which 16.3 billion are in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> and 69 billion in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzevedo_et_al.2009_87-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo_et_al.2009-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glial cell">Glial cell</a> synapses are currently unquantified but are known to be extremely numerous.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophical_perspective">Philosophical perspective</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Philosophical perspective">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".22Strong_AI.22_as_defined_in_philosophy"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""Strong_AI"_as_defined_in_philosophy">"Strong AI" as defined in philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: "Strong AI" as defined in philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1980, philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> coined the term "strong AI" as part of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a> argument.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup> He wanted to distinguish between two different hypotheses about artificial intelligence:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[g]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Strong AI hypothesis</b>: An artificial intelligence system can "think", have "a mind" and "consciousness".</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Weak AI hypothesis</b>: An artificial intelligence system can (only) <i>act like</i> it thinks and has a mind and consciousness.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The first one he called "strong" because it makes a <i>stronger</i> statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test – the behavior of a "weak AI" machine would be precisely identical to a "strong AI" machine, but the latter would also have subjective conscious experience. This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Mainstream AI is only interested in how a program <i>behaves</i>. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norvig" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig</a>, "as long as the program works, they don't care if you call it real or a simulation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947_91-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup> If the program can behave <i>as if</i> it has a mind, then there's no need to know if it <i>actually</i> has mind – indeed, there would be no way to tell. For AI research, Searle's "weak AI hypothesis" is equivalent to the statement "artificial general intelligence is possible". Thus, according to Russell and Norvig, "most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the strong AI hypothesis."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947_91-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup> Thus, for academic AI research, "Strong AI" and "AGI" are two very different things.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In contrast to Searle and mainstream AI, some futurists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> use the term "strong AI" to mean "human level artificial general intelligence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-K_60-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-K-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> This is not the same as Searle's <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_AI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strong AI">strong AI</a>, unless you assume that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is necessary for human-level AGI. Academic philosophers such as Searle do not believe that is the case, and artificial intelligence researchers do not care.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947_91-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Consciousness">Consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">ethics of artificial intelligence</a>:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>: To have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qualia">subjective experience</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thought">thought</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[h]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>: To be aware of oneself as a separate individual, especially to be aware of one's own thoughts.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sentience">sentience</a>: The ability to "feel" perceptions or emotions subjectively.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sapience">sapience</a>: The capacity for wisdom.</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">These traits have a moral dimension, because a machine with this form of strong AI may have rights, analogous to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal rights">rights of non-human animals</a>. As such, preliminary work has been conducted on approaches to integrating full ethical agents with existing legal and social frameworks. These approaches have focused on the legal position and rights of 'strong' AI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-physica_scripta_94-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-physica_scripta-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a>, among others, argues a machine with these traits may be a threat to human life or dignity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">It remains to be shown whether any of these traits are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient_condition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Necessary and sufficient condition">necessary</a> for strong AI. The role of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is not clear, and currently there is no agreed test for its presence. If a machine is built with a device that simulates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">neural correlates of consciousness</a>, would it automatically have self-awareness? It is also possible that some of these properties, such as sentience, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emergence">naturally emerge</a> from a fully intelligent machine. It's also possible that it will become natural to <i>ascribe</i> these properties to machines once they begin to act in a way that is clearly intelligent.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Artificial_consciousness_research">Artificial consciousness research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Artificial consciousness research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although the role of consciousness in strong AI/AGI is debatable, many AGI researchers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006_82-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> regard research that investigates possibilities for implementing consciousness as vital. In an early effort <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAleksander1996_96-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAleksander1996-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> argued that the principles for creating a conscious machine already existed but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language">language</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Possible_explanations_for_the_slow_progress_of_strong_AI_research">Possible explanations for the slow progress of strong AI research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Possible explanations for the slow progress of strong AI research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence#The_problems" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence § The problems</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence#Predictions_(or_%22Where_is_HAL_9000?%22)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence § Predictions (or "Where is HAL 9000?")</a></div><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 204, 51); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 96px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="48" data-file-width="48" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Artificial_general_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talk:Artificial general intelligence">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Since the launch of AI research in 1956, progress in this field of creating machines skilled with intelligent action at the human level has slowed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> One basic potential explanation for this delay is that computers lack a sufficient scope of memory, processing power, or chip flexibility to accommodate computer-science-oriented and/or neuroscience-oriented platforms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> In addition, the level of complexity involved in AI research likely also limits the progress of strong AI research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Conceptual limitations are another possible reason for the slowness in AI research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> AI researchers may need to modify the conceptual framework of their discipline in order to provide a stronger base and contribution to the quest of achieving strong AI. This means situating a strong AI in a sociocultural context where human-like AI derives from human-like experiences. As William Clocksin wrote in 2003: "the framework starts from Weizenbaum's observation that intelligence manifests itself only relative to specific social and cultural contexts".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A fundamental paradox arising from this problem is that AI researchers have only been able to create computers that can perform jobs that are complicated for people to do, such as mathematics, but conversely they have struggled to develop a computer that is capable of carrying out tasks that are simple for humans to do, such as walking (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravec%27s_paradox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moravec's paradox">Moravec's paradox</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> The problem as described by David Gelernter is that some people assume thinking and reasoning are equivalent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> The idea of whether thoughts and the creator of those thoughts are isolated individually or must be socially situated has intrigued AI researchers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The problems encountered in AI research over the past decades have further impeded the progress of AGI research and development through generating a degree of distrust in the field. The failed predictions of success promised by AI researchers and the lack of a complete understanding of human behaviors have helped diminish optimism in the primary idea of creating human-level AI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> Although the waxing and waning progress of AI research has brought both improvement and disappointment,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> most investigators are optimistic about achieving the goal of AGI in the 21st century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Other possible reasons have been proposed for the slow progress towards strong AI. The intricacy of scientific problems and the need to fully understand the human brain through psychology and neurophysiology have limited many researchers in the task of emulating the function of the human brain in computer hardware through initiatives like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007_102-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup> Many researchers tend to underestimate any doubt that is involved with future predictions of AI, but without taking issues like human brain modelling seriously, AGI researchers then overlook solutions to problematic questions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, Clocksin states that a conceptual limitation that may impede the progress of AI research is that AI researchers may be using the wrong techniques for computer programs and for the implementation of equipment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> When AI researchers first began to aim for AGI, a main interest was to emulate and investigate human reasoning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> At the time, researchers hoped to establish computational models of human knowledge through reasoning and to find out how to design a computer with a specific cognitive task.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In response, the practice of abstraction, which people tend to redefine when working with a particular context in research, provides AI researchers with the option to concentrate on just a few concepts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> The most productive use of abstraction in AI research comes from planning and problem solving.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> Although the aim is to increase the speed of a computation, the role of abstraction operators has posed problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZucker2003_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZucker2003-106" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another possible reason for the slowness in strong AI progress relates to the acknowledgement by many AI researchers that human <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heuristics">heuristics</a> is still vastly superior to computer performance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007_102-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> Nonetheless, the specific functions that are programmed into increasingly powerful computers may be able to account for many of the requirements in heuristics that eventually allow AI to match human intelligence. Thus, while heuristics is not necessarily a fundamental barrier to achieving strong AI, it is widely agreed to be a challenge.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Finally, many AI researchers have debated whether or not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_computing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Affective computing">machines should be created with emotions</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-107" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> There are no emotions in typical models of AI, and some researchers say programming emotions into machines allows them to have a mind of their own.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> However, emotion sums up the experiences of humans because it allows them to remember those experiences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> David Gelernter writes, "No computer will be creative unless it can simulate all the nuances of human emotion."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> Thus, just as this concern over emotion has posed problems for AI researchers, it is likely to continue to challenge the concept of strong AI as its research progresses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies_and_dangers">Controversies and dangers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Controversies and dangers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Feasibility">Feasibility</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Feasibility">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As of 2022, AGI remains speculative<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spec1_110-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-spec1-110" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spec2_111-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-spec2-111" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> as no such system has yet been demonstrated. Opinions vary both on whether and when artificial general intelligence will arrive. At one extreme, AI pioneer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> speculated in 1965 that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do". However, this prediction failed to come true. Microsoft co-founder <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> believed that such intelligence is unlikely in the 21st century because it would require "unforeseeable and fundamentally unpredictable breakthroughs" and a "scientifically deep understanding of cognition".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, roboticist Alan Winfield claimed the gulf between modern computing and human-level artificial intelligence is as wide as the gulf between current space flight and practical faster-than-light spaceflight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-113" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As such, the basic concern is whether or not strong AI is fundamentally achievable, even after centuries of effort. While most AI researchers believe strong AI can be achieved in the future, some individuals, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, deny the possibility of achieving strong AI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_114-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-:0-114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> One fundamental problem is that while humans are complex, they are not general intelligences. Various computer scientists, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a>, believe human-level AI will be accomplished, but that the present level of progress is such that a date cannot accurately be predicted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007_102-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> AI experts' views on the feasibility of AGI wax and wane, and may have seen a resurgence in the 2010s. Four polls conducted in 2012 and 2013 suggested that the median guess among experts for when they would be 50% confident AGI would arrive was 2040 to 2050, depending on the poll, with the mean being 2081. Of the experts, 16.5% answered with "never" when asked the same question but with a 90% confidence instead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-new_yorker_doomsday_115-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-new_yorker_doomsday-115" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> Further current AGI progress considerations can be found above <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#Tests_for_confirming_human-level_AGI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Tests for confirming human-level AGI</i></a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Yet it is worth noting that there is no scientific rigour in such predictions. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a> notes the findings of a report by Stuart Armstrong and Kaj Sotala, of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, that "over that 60 year time frame there is a strong bias towards predicting the arrival of human level AI as between 15 and 25 years from the time the prediction was made". They also analyzed 95 predictions made between 1950 and the present on when human level AI will come about. They show that there is no difference between predictions made by experts and non-experts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-117" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Potential_threat_to_human_existence">Potential threat to human existence<span class="anchor" id="Risk_of_human_extinction"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Potential threat to human existence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The thesis that AI poses an existential risk for humans, and that this risk needs much more attention than it currently gets, has been endorsed by many public figures; perhaps the most famous are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>. The most notable AI researcher to endorse the thesis is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a>, but many others, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a> and Alexey Turchin, also support the basic thesis of a potential threat to humanity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-118" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-physica_scripta_94-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-physica_scripta-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-119" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup> Endorsers of the thesis sometimes express bafflement at skeptics: Gates states he does not "understand why some people are not concerned",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> and Hawking criticized widespread indifference in his 2014 editorial:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">So, facing possible futures of incalculable benefits and risks, the experts are surely doing everything possible to ensure the best outcome, right? Wrong. If a superior alien civilisation sent us a message saying, 'We'll arrive in a few decades,' would we just reply, 'OK, call us when you get here–we'll leave the lights on?' Probably not–but this is more or less what is happening with AI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hawking_editorial_121-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-hawking_editorial-121" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A 2021 systematic review of the risks associated with AGI conducted by researchers from the Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of the Sunshine Coast">University of the Sunshine Coast</a> in Australia, while noting the paucity of data, found the following potential threats: "AGI removing itself from the control of human owners/managers, being given or developing unsafe goals, development of unsafe AGI, AGIs with poor ethics, morals and values; inadequate management of AGI, and existential risks".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-122" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many of the scholars who are concerned about existential risk believe that the best way forward would be to conduct (possibly massive) research into solving the difficult "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_control_problem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AI control problem">control problem</a>" to answer the question: what types of safeguards, algorithms, or architectures can programmers implement to maximize the probability that their recursively-improving AI would continue to behave in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">friendly</a>, rather than destructive, manner after it reaches superintelligence?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-physica_scripta_94-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-physica_scripta-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-123" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup> Solving the control problem is complicated by the AI arms race,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup> which will almost certainly see the militarization and weaponization of AGI by more than one nation-state, i.e., resulting in AGI-enabled warfare, and in the case of AI misalignment, AGI-directed warfare, potentially against all humanity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The thesis that AI can pose existential risk also has many strong detractors. Skeptics sometimes charge that the thesis is crypto-religious, with an irrational belief in the possibility of superintelligence replacing an irrational belief in an omnipotent God; at an extreme, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a> argues that the whole concept that current machines are in any way intelligent is "an illusion" and a "stupendous con" by the wealthy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-atlantic-but-what_128-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-atlantic-but-what-128" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Much of existing criticism argues that AGI is unlikely in the short term. Computer scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gordon Bell">Gordon Bell</a> argues that the human race will destroy itself before it reaches the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>, the original proponent of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moore's Law">Moore's Law</a>, declares that "I am a skeptic. I don't believe [a technological singularity] is likely to happen, at least for a long time. And I don't know why I feel that way."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup> Former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> Vice President and Chief Scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a> states AI existential risk is "like worrying about overpopulation on Mars when we have not even set foot on the planet yet."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-shermer_130-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-shermer-130" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_brain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial brain">Artificial brain</a> – Software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a> – Issue of ensuring beneficial AI</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.I._Rising" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A.I. Rising">A.I. Rising</a> – 2018 film directed by Lazar Bodroža</i></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_machine_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automated machine learning">Automated machine learning</a> – Process of automating the application of machine learning</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BRAIN Initiative">BRAIN Initiative</a> – Collaborative public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Brain_Project" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China Brain Project">China Brain Project</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a> – Oxford interdisciplinary research centre</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_game_playing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="General game playing">General game playing</a> – Learning to play multiple games successfully</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a> – Scientific research project</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a> – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence (IA)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_ethics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a> – Moral behaviours of man-made machines</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-task_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a> – Solving multiple machine learning tasks at the same time</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outline of artificial intelligence">Outline of artificial intelligence</a> – Overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a> – Philosophical movement</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> – Alternate term for or form of artificial intelligence</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_learning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transfer learning">Transfer learning</a> – Applying previously-learned knowledge to new problems</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebner_Prize" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Loebner Prize">Loebner Prize</a> – Annual AI competition</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_for_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hardware for artificial intelligence">Hardware for artificial intelligence</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weak artificial intelligence">Weak artificial intelligence</a> – Form of artificial intelligence</li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Searle's_Strong_AI-8" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Searle's_Strong_AI_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Searle's_Strong_AI_8-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See below for the origin of the term "strong AI", and see the academic definition of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room#Strong_AI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese room">strong AI</a>" and weak AI in the article <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AI founder <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> writes: "we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> (For a discussion of some definitions of intelligence used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> researchers, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophy of artificial intelligence</a>.)</span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthill_report" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lighthill report">Lighthill report</a> specifically criticized AI's "grandiose objectives" and led the dismantling of AI research in England.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> In the U.S., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> became determined to fund only "mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENRC1999"Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment"_40-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999%22Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment%22-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As AI founder <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> writes "it would be a great relief to the rest of the workers in AI if the inventors of new general formalisms would express their hopes in a more guarded form than has sometimes been the case."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-74" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In "Mind Children"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec198861_72-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec198861-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> 10<sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;">15</sup> cps is used. More recently, in 1997,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998_73-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> Moravec argued for 10<sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;">8</sup> MIPS which would roughly correspond to 10<sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;">14</sup> cps. Moravec talks in terms of MIPS, not "cps", which is a non-standard term Kurzweil introduced.</span></li><li id="cite_note-83" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Goertzels' AGI book, Yudkowsky proposes 5 levels of organisation that must be understood – code/data, sensory modality, concept & category, thought, and deliberation (consciousness) – in order to use the available hardware.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006_82-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-89" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As defined in a standard AI textbook: "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking) is called the 'strong AI' hypothesis."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003_71-1" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-93" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is difficult to define. A popular definition, due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, is that it "feels like" something to be conscious. If we are not conscious, then it doesn't feel like anything. Nagel uses the example of a bat: we can sensibly ask "what does it feel like to be a bat?" However, we are unlikely to ask "what does it feel like to be a toaster?" Nagel concludes that a bat appears to be conscious (i.e. has consciousness) but a toaster does not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagel1974_92-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1974-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHodson2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hodson, Hal (1 March 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/1843/2019/03/01/deepmind-and-google-the-battle-to-control-artificial-intelligence" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"DeepMind and Google: the battle to control artificial intelligence"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1843 (magazine)">1843</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707223031/https://www.economist.com/1843/2019/03/01/deepmind-and-google-the-battle-to-control-artificial-intelligence" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 July</span> 2020</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">AGI stands for Artificial General Intelligence, a hypothetical computer program...</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1843&rft.atitle=DeepMind+and+Google%3A+the+battle+to+control+artificial+intelligence&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2F1843%2F2019%2F03%2F01%2Fdeepmind-and-google-the-battle-to-control-artificial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShevlinVoldCrosbyHalina2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shevlin, Henry; Vold, Karina; Crosby, Matthew; Halina, Marta (4 October 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6776890" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The limits of machine intelligence: Despite progress in machine intelligence, artificial general intelligence is still a major challenge"</a>. <i>EMBO Reports</i>. <b>20</b> (10): e49177. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15252%2Fembr.201949177" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.15252/embr.201949177</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-221X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1469-221X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6776890" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6776890</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31531926" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31531926</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+machine+intelligence%3A+Despite+progress+in+machine+intelligence%2C+artificial+general+intelligence+is+still+a+major+challenge&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e49177&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6776890%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-221X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31531926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15252%2Fembr.201949177&rft.aulast=Shevlin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Vold%2C+Karina&rft.au=Crosby%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Halina%2C+Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6776890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2005260-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzweil2005260_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFKurzweil2005" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Kurzweil 2005</a>, p. 260.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-08-05-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005-08-05_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005-08-05_4-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFKurzweil2005a" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kurzweil, Ray (5 August 2005a), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050814000557/https://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2005/0815/030.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Long Live AI"</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2005/0815/030.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 14 August 2005</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Long+Live+AI&rft.date=2005-08-05&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fhome%2Ffree_forbes%2F2005%2F0815%2F030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>: Kurzweil describes strong AI as "machine intelligence with the full range of human intelligence."</span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFTreder2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Treder, Mike (10 August 2005), <a class="external text" href="https://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2005/08/advanced_human_.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Advanced Human Intelligence"</a>, <i>Responsible Nanotechnology</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016214415/https://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2005/08/advanced_human_.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Responsible+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Advanced+Human+Intelligence&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft.aulast=Treder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrnano.typepad.com%2Fcrnblog%2F2005%2F08%2Fadvanced_human_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/The-Age-of-Artificial-Intellige" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Age of Artificial Intelligence: George John at TEDxLondonBusinessSchool 2013"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123940/http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/The-Age-of-Artificial-Intellige" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Artificial+Intelligence%3A+George+John+at+TEDxLondonBusinessSchool+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftedxtalks.ted.com%2Fvideo%2FThe-Age-of-Artificial-Intellige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewellSimon1976-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewellSimon1976_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFNewellSimon1976" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Newell & Simon 1976</a>, This is the term they use for "human-level" intelligence in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_symbol_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physical symbol system">physical symbol system</a> hypothesis.</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925043908/http://www.open2.net/nextbigthing/ai/ai_in_depth/in_depth.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Open University on Strong and Weak AI"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.open2.net/nextbigthing/ai/ai_in_depth/in_depth.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 25 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Open+University+on+Strong+and+Weak+AI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open2.net%2Fnextbigthing%2Fai%2Fai_in_depth%2Fin_depth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-baum-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-baum_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBaum" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Baum, Seth, <a class="external text" href="https://gcrinstitute.org/papers/055_agi-2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Projects for Ethics, Risk, and Policy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute Working Paper 20, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114170005/https://gcrinstitute.org/papers/055_agi-2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 January</span> 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Artificial+General+Intelligence+Projects+for+Ethics%2C+Risk%2C+and+Policy&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcrinstitute.org%2Fpapers%2F055_agi-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMcCarthy2007a" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">McCarthy, John</a> (2007a). <a class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Basic Questions"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026100601/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 December</span>2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Questions&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Fwhatisai%2Fnode1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by major AI textbooks, including: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Luger & Stubblefield 2004</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFNilsson1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Nilsson 1998</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfeifer, R. and Bongard J. C., How the body shapes the way we think: a new view of intelligence (The MIT Press, 2007). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-16239-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-16239-3">0-262-16239-3</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWhite1959" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">White, R. W. (1959). "Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>66</b> (5): 297–333. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0040934" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1037/h0040934</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13844397" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">13844397</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Motivation+reconsidered%3A+The+concept+of+competence&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=297-333&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0040934&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13844397&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFJohnson1987" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Johnson 1987</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Charms, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York: Academic Press.</span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHutter2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hutter, Marcus (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b138233" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Universal Artificial Intelligence: Sequential Decisions Based on Algorithmic Probability</i></a>. Texts in Theoretical Computer Science an EATCS Series. Springer. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fb138233" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/b138233</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26877-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26877-2"><bdi>978-3-540-26877-2</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719052038/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b138233" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Artificial+Intelligence%3A+Sequential+Decisions+Based+on+Algorithmic+Probability&rft.series=Texts+in+Theoretical+Computer+Science+an+EATCS+Series&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fb138233&rft.isbn=978-3-540-26877-2&rft.aulast=Hutter&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2Fb138233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis cs1" id="CITEREFLegg2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Legg, Shane (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.vetta.org/documents/Machine_Super_Intelligence.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Machine Super Intelligence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). University of Lugano. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615160113/https://www.vetta.org/documents/Machine_Super_Intelligence.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Machine+Super+Intelligence&rft.inst=University+of+Lugano&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Legg&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetta.org%2Fdocuments%2FMachine_Super_Intelligence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGoertzel2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Goertzel, Ben (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271390398" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Artificial General Intelligence: Concept, State of the Art, and Future Prospects"</a>. <i>Journal of Artificial General Intelligence</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. <b>8598</b>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-09274-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-319-09274-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-09273-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-09273-7"><bdi>978-3-319-09273-7</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8387410" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">8387410</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Artificial+General+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Artificial+General+Intelligence%3A+Concept%2C+State+of+the+Art%2C+and+Future+Prospects&rft.volume=8598&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8387410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-09274-4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-09273-7&rft.aulast=Goertzel&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271390398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference cs1" id="CITEREFLeikeHutter2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Leike, Jan; Hutter, Marcus (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://proceedings.mlr.press/v40/Leike15.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Bad Universal Priors and Notions of Optimality</i></a>. The 28th Conference on Learning Theory. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04931" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1510.04931</a></span>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206020503/https://proceedings.mlr.press/v40/Leike15.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 December</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Bad+Universal+Priors+and+Notions+of+Optimality&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1510.04931&rft.aulast=Leike&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Hutter%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproceedings.mlr.press%2Fv40%2FLeike15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-”mtb1”-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-%E2%80%9Dmtb1%E2%80%9D_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-%E2%80%9Dmtb1%E2%80%9D_22-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFBennett2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bennett, Michael Timothy (2022). "Computable artificial general intelligence". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.10513" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2205.10513</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.AI" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">cs.AI</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Computable+artificial+general+intelligence&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2205.10513&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWardSilvermanVillalobos2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ward, Dave; Silverman, David; Villalobos, Mario (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11245-017-9484-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Introduction: The Varieties of Enactivism"</a>. <i>Topoi</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 365–375. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11245-017-9484-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s11245-017-9484-6</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247434831" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">247434831</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Varieties+of+Enactivism&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=365-375&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-017-9484-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247434831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Silverman%2C+David&rft.au=Villalobos%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11245-017-9484-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-”mtb2”-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-%E2%80%9Dmtb2%E2%80%9D_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-%E2%80%9Dmtb2%E2%80%9D_24-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference cs1" id="CITEREFBennett2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bennett, Michael Timothy (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-93758-4_4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Symbol Emergence and The Solutions to Any Task</i></a>. 14th Conference on Artificial General Intelligence. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.01281" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2109.01281</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-93758-4_4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-030-93758-4_4</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719052018/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-93758-4_4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Symbol+Emergence+and+The+Solutions+to+Any+Task&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2109.01281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-93758-4_4&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-93758-4_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFChollet2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chollet, Francois (2019). "On the Measure of Intelligence". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1911.01547</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.AI" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">cs.AI</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=On+the+Measure+of+Intelligence&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1911.01547&rft.aulast=Chollet&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBennettMaruyama2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bennett, Michael Timothy; Maruyama, Yoshihiro (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11245-017-9484-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Philosophical Specification of Empathetic Ethical Artificial Intelligence"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 292–300. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.10715" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2107.10715</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCDS.2021.3099945" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1109/TCDS.2021.3099945</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236170941" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">236170941</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206020457/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11245-017-9484-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Cognitive+and+Developmental+Systems&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Specification+of+Empathetic+Ethical+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-300&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2107.10715&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236170941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCDS.2021.3099945&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael+Timothy&rft.au=Maruyama%2C+Yoshihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11245-017-9484-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference cs1" id="CITEREFBennettMaruyama2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bennett, Michael Timothy; Maruyama, Yoshihiro (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-93758-4_6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Artificial Scientist</i></a>. 14th Conference on Artificial General Intelligence. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.01831" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2110.01831</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-93758-4_6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-030-93758-4_6</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719052038/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-93758-4_6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Artificial+Scientist&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2110.01831&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-93758-4_6&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Michael+Timothy&rft.au=Maruyama%2C+Yoshihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-93758-4_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMuehlhauser2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Muehlhauser, Luke (11 August 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://intelligence.org/2013/08/11/what-is-agi/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What is AGI?"</a>. Machine Intelligence Research Institute. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425115445/http://intelligence.org/2013/08/11/what-is-agi/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+AGI%3F&rft.pub=Machine+Intelligence+Research+Institute&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft.aulast=Muehlhauser&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.org%2F2013%2F08%2F11%2Fwhat-is-agi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.talkyblog.com/artificial_general_intelligence_agi/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)? | 4 Tests For Ensuring Artificial General Intelligence"</a>. <i>Talky Blog</i>. 13 July 2019. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717071152/https://www.talkyblog.com/artificial_general_intelligence_agi/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talky+Blog&rft.atitle=What+is+Artificial+General+Intelligence+%28AGI%29%3F+%7C+4+Tests+For+Ensuring+Artificial+General+Intelligence&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkyblog.com%2Fartificial_general_intelligence_agi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Shapiro92-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Shapiro92_30-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFShapiro1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Artificial Intelligence"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. In Stuart C. Shapiro (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence</i> (Second ed.). New York: John Wiley. pp. 54–57. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201014644/http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 February 2016.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54-57&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stuart+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.buffalo.edu%2F~shapiro%2FPapers%2Fai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span> (Section 4 is on "AI-Complete Tasks".)</span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYampolskiy2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yampolskiy, Roman V. (2012). Xin-She Yang (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://cecs.louisville.edu/ry/TuringTestasaDefiningFeature04270003.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Turing Test as a Defining Feature of AI-Completeness"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Artificial Intelligence, Evolutionary Computation and Metaheuristics (AIECM)</i>: 3–17. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522094547/http://cecs.louisville.edu/ry/TuringTestasaDefiningFeature04270003.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a><span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 May 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence%2C+Evolutionary+Computation+and+Metaheuristics+%28AIECM%29&rft.atitle=Turing+Test+as+a+Defining+Feature+of+AI-Completeness&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yampolskiy&rft.aufirst=Roman+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcecs.louisville.edu%2Fry%2FTuringTestasaDefiningFeature04270003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper, and John Langford. <a class="external text" href="http://www.captcha.net/captcha_crypt.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for Security</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001102/http://www.captcha.net/captcha_crypt.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Proceedings of Eurocrypt, Vol. 2656 (2003), pp. 294–311.</span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBergmair2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bergmair, Richard (7 January 2006). "Natural Language Steganography and an "AI-complete" Security Primitive". <i>CiteSeer</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.129" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1.1.105.129</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CiteSeer&rft.atitle=Natural+Language+Steganography+and+an+%22AI-complete%22+Security+Primitive&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.105.129%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Bergmair&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier 1993</a>, pp. 48–50</span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Business-and-Civilization-Our-Fate-Made-in-Machines/Kaplan/p/book/9781032155319" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Andreas Kaplan (2022) Artificial Intelligence, Business and Civilization - Our Fate Made in Machines"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506103920/https://www.routledge.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Business-and-Civilization-Our-Fate-Made-in-Machines/Kaplan/p/book/9781032155319" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andreas+Kaplan+%282022%29+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+Business+and+Civilization+-+Our+Fate+Made+in+Machines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FArtificial-Intelligence-Business-and-Civilization-Our-Fate-Made-in-Machines%2FKaplan%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032155319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFSimon1965" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Simon 1965</a>, p. 96 quoted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier 1993</a>, p. 109</span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two1.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182537/http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two1.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientist+on+the+Set%3A+An+Interview+with+Marvin+Minsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fe-books%2FHal%2Fchap2%2Ftwo1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin Minsky to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFDarrach1970" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Darrach (1970)</a>, quoted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier (1993</a>, p. 109).</span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFLighthill1973" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Lighthill 1973</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFHowe1994" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Howe 1994</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC1999"Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment"-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENRC1999%22Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment%22_40-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENRC1999%22Shift_to_Applied_Research_Increases_Investment%22_40-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFNRC1999" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">NRC 1999</a>, "Shift to Applied Research Increases Investment".</span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier 1993</a>, pp. 115–117; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>, pp. 21–22.</span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier 1993</a>, p. 211, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>, p. 24 and see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFFeigenbaumMcCorduck1983" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Feigenbaum & McCorduck 1983</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier 1993</a>, pp. 161–162, 197–203, 240; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>, p. 25.</span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFCrevier1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Crevier 1993</a>, pp. 209–212</span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMcCarthy2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">McCarthy, John</a> (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/reviews/lighthill/lighthill.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reply to Lighthill"</a>. Stanford University. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930164952/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/reviews/lighthill/lighthill.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 September</span>2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+to+Lighthill&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Freviews%2Flighthill%2Flighthill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMarkoff2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Markoff, John (14 October 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/14/technology/14artificial.html?ei=5070&en=11ab55edb7cead5e&ex=1185940800&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1185805173-o7WsfW7qaP0x5%2FNUs1cQCQ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Behind Artificial Intelligence, a Squadron of Bright Real People"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202181023/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/14/technology/behind-artificial-intelligence-a-squadron-of-bright-real-people.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">18 February</span> 2017</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">At its low point, some computer scientists and software engineers avoided the term artificial intelligence for fear of being viewed as wild-eyed dreamers.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Behind+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+a+Squadron+of+Bright+Real+People&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F14%2Ftechnology%2F14artificial.html%3Fei%3D5070%26en%3D11ab55edb7cead5e%26ex%3D1185940800%26adxnnl%3D1%26adxnnlx%3D1185805173-o7WsfW7qaP0x5%252FNUs1cQCQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>, pp. 25–26</span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://blogs.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/files/2018/08/PR_490866_5_Trends_in_the_Emerging_Tech_Hype_Cycle_2018_Hype_Cycle.png" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Trends in the Emerging Tech Hype Cycle"</a>. Gartner Reports. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522024829/https://blogs.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/files/2018/08/PR_490866_5_Trends_in_the_Emerging_Tech_Hype_Cycle_2018_Hype_Cycle.png" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+the+Emerging+Tech+Hype+Cycle&rft.pub=Gartner+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.gartner.com%2Fsmarterwithgartner%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F08%2FPR_490866_5_Trends_in_the_Emerging_Tech_Hype_Cycle_2018_Hype_Cycle.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFMoravec1988" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Moravec 1988</a>, p. 20</span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHarnad1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harnad, S (1990). "The Symbol Grounding Problem". <i>Physica D</i>. <b>42</b> (1–3): 335–346. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9906002" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">cs/9906002</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhyD...42..335H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1990PhyD...42..335H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-2789%2890%2990087-6" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0167-2789(90)90087-6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3204300" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3204300</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+D&rft.atitle=The+Symbol+Grounding+Problem&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=335-346&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F9906002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3204300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-2789%2890%2990087-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PhyD...42..335H&rft.aulast=Harnad&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFGubrud1997" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Gubrud 1997</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://goertzel.org/who-coined-the-term-agi/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Who coined the term "AGI"? » goertzel.org"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228083048/http://goertzel.org/who-coined-the-term-agi/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+coined+the+term+%22AGI%22%3F+%C2%BB+goertzel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoertzel.org%2Fwho-coined-the-term-agi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>, via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_3.0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Life 3.0">Life 3.0</a>: 'The term "AGI" was popularized by... Shane Legg, Mark Gubrud and Ben Goertzel'</span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFWangGoertzel2007" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Wang & Goertzel 2007</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://goertzel.org/AGI_Summer_School_2009.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"First International Summer School in Artificial General Intelligence, Main summer school: June 22 – July 3, 2009, OpenCog Lab: July 6-9, 2009"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928173146/https://www.goertzel.org/AGI_Summer_School_2009.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+International+Summer+School+in+Artificial+General+Intelligence%2C+Main+summer+school%3A+June+22+%E2%80%93+July+3%2C+2009%2C+OpenCog+Lab%3A+July+6-9%2C+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoertzel.org%2FAGI_Summer_School_2009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://fmi-plovdiv.org/index.jsp?id=1054&ln=1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Избираеми дисциплини 2009/2010 - пролетен триместър"</a> [Elective courses 2009/2010 - spring trimester]. <i>Факултет по математика и информатика [Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics]</i> (in Bulgarian). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726103659/http://fmi-plovdiv.org/index.jsp?id=1054&ln=1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%5BFaculty+of+Mathematics+and+Informatics%5D&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+2009%2F2010+-+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmi-plovdiv.org%2Findex.jsp%3Fid%3D1054%26ln%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://fmi.uni-plovdiv.bg/index.jsp?id=1139&ln=1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Избираеми дисциплини 2010/2011 - зимен триместър"</a> [Elective courses 2010/2011 - winter trimester]. <i>Факултет по математика и информатика [Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics]</i> (in Bulgarian). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726094625/http://fmi.uni-plovdiv.bg/index.jsp?id=1139&ln=1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%5BFaculty+of+Mathematics+and+Informatics%5D&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+2010%2F2011+-+%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmi.uni-plovdiv.bg%2Findex.jsp%3Fid%3D1139%26ln%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzelPennachin2006-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzelPennachin2006_59-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFGoertzelPennachin2006" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Goertzel & Pennachin 2006</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-K-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-K_60-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-K_60-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-K_60-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFKurzweil2005" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Kurzweil 2005</a>, p. 260) or see <a class="external text" href="http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2005/08/advanced_human_.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Advanced Human Intelligence</a><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630032301/http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2005/08/advanced_human_.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 30 June 2011 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> where he defines strong AI as "machine intelligence with the full range of human intelligence."</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoertzel2007_61-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFGoertzel2007" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Goertzel 2007</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKatja_Grace2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Katja Grace (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://aiimpacts.org/error-in-armstrong-and-sotala-2012/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Error in Armstrong and Sotala 2012"</a>. <i>AI Impacts</i>(blog). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204012302/https://aiimpacts.org/error-in-armstrong-and-sotala-2012/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AI+Impacts&rft.atitle=Error+in+Armstrong+and+Sotala+2012&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Katja+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiimpacts.org%2Ferror-in-armstrong-and-sotala-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLiuShiLiu2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Liu, Feng; Shi, Yong; Liu, Ying (2017). "Intelligence Quotient and Intelligence Grade of Artificial Intelligence". <i>Annals of Data Science</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 179–191. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10242" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1709.10242</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170910242L" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2017arXiv170910242L</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40745-017-0109-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s40745-017-0109-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37900130" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">37900130</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Data+Science&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Quotient+and+Intelligence+Grade+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-191&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1709.10242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37900130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40745-017-0109-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv170910242L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Feng&rft.au=Shi%2C+Yong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFBrien2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brien, Jörn (5 October 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://t3n.de/news/iq-kind-schlauer-google-ki-siri-864003" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Google-KI doppelt so schlau wie Siri"</a>[Google AI is twice as smart as Siri - but a six-year-old beats both] (in German). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055657/https://t3n.de/news/iq-kind-schlauer-google-ki-siri-864003/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google-KI+doppelt+so+schlau+wie+Siri&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.aulast=Brien&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft3n.de%2Fnews%2Fiq-kind-schlauer-google-ki-siri-864003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGrossman2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grossman, Gary (3 September 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2020/09/03/were-entering-the-ai-twilight-zone-between-narrow-and-general-ai/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"We're entering the AI twilight zone between narrow and general AI"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VentureBeat">VentureBeat</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904191750/https://venturebeat.com/2020/09/03/were-entering-the-ai-twilight-zone-between-narrow-and-general-ai/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 September</span> 2020</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Certainly, too, there are those who claim we are already seeing an early example of an AGI system in the recently announced GPT-3 natural language processing (NLP) neural network. ... So is GPT-3 the first example of an AGI system? This is debatable, but the consensus is that it is not AGI. ... If nothing else, GPT-3 tells us there is a middle ground between narrow and general AI.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We%27re+entering+the+AI+twilight+zone+between+narrow+and+general+AI&rft.pub=VentureBeat&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2020%2F09%2F03%2Fwere-entering-the-ai-twilight-zone-between-narrow-and-general-ai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFQuach" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Quach, Katyanna. <a class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/08/project_december_openai_gpt_3/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A developer built an AI chatbot using GPT-3 that helped a man speak again to his late fiancée. OpenAI shut it down"</a>. The Register. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016232620/https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/08/project_december_openai_gpt_3/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+developer+built+an+AI+chatbot+using+GPT-3+that+helped+a+man+speak+again+to+his+late+fianc%C3%A9e.+OpenAI+shut+it+down&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.aulast=Quach&rft.aufirst=Katyanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F09%2F08%2Fproject_december_openai_gpt_3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFWiggers2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wiggers, Kyle (13 May 2022), <a class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/13/deepminds-new-ai-can-perform-over-600-tasks-from-playing-games-to-controlling-robots/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"DeepMind's new AI can perform over 600 tasks, from playing games to controlling robots"</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616185232/https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/13/deepminds-new-ai-can-perform-over-600-tasks-from-playing-games-to-controlling-robots/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a>from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 June</span> 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=DeepMind%27s+new+AI+can+perform+over+600+tasks%2C+from+playing+games+to+controlling+robots&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.aulast=Wiggers&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2022%2F05%2F13%2Fdeepminds-new-ai-can-perform-over-600-tasks-from-playing-games-to-controlling-robots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Roadmap-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Roadmap_68-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFSandbergBostr%C3%B6m2008" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Sandberg & Boström 2008</a>. "The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain."</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandbergBoström2008-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandbergBostr%C3%B6m2008_69-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFSandbergBostr%C3%B6m2008" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Sandberg & Boström 2008</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrachman2005-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrachman2005_70-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFDrachman2005" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Drachman 2005</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003_71-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003_71-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec198861-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec198861_72-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFMoravec1988" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Moravec 1988</a>, p. 61.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998_73-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoravec1998_73-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFMoravec1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Moravec 1998</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Discover2011JanFeb-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-Discover2011JanFeb_75-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSwaminathan,_Nikhil2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Swaminathan, Nikhil (January–February 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2011/jan-feb/62" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Glia—the other brain cells"</a>. <i>Discover</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208071350/http://discovermagazine.com/2011/jan-feb/62" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Glia%E2%80%94the+other+brain+cells&rft.date=2011-01%2F2011-02&rft.au=Swaminathan%2C+Nikhil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2011%2Fjan-feb%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFIzhikevichEdelman2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Izhikevich, Eugene M.; Edelman, Gerald M. (4 March 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612095651/http://vesicle.nsi.edu/users/izhikevich/publications/large-scale_model_of_human_brain.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Large-scale model of mammalian thalamocortical systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>105</b> (9): 3593–3598. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105.3593I" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2008PNAS..105.3593I</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0712231105" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.0712231105</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265160" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2265160</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292226" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18292226</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://vesicle.nsi.edu/users/izhikevich/publications/large-scale_model_of_human_brain.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">23 June</span>2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Large-scale+model+of+mammalian+thalamocortical+systems&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3593-3598&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2265160%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18292226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0712231105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105.3593I&rft.aulast=Izhikevich&rft.aufirst=Eugene+M.&rft.au=Edelman%2C+Gerald+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvesicle.nsi.edu%2Fusers%2Fizhikevich%2Fpublications%2Flarge-scale_model_of_human_brain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/Jahia/site/bluebrain/op/edit/pid/19085" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Project Milestones"</a>. <i>Blue Brain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Brain&rft.atitle=Project+Milestones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbluebrain.epfl.ch%2FJahia%2Fsite%2Fbluebrain%2Fop%2Fedit%2Fpid%2F19085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8164060.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Artificial brain '10 years away'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 July 2009. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726040959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8164060.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 26 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Artificial+brain+%2710+years+away%27&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8164060.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://gauntlet.ucalgary.ca/story/10343" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Calgary news</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818081044/http://gauntlet.ucalgary.ca/story/10343" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 18 August 2009 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12037941" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">NBC News news</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704063922/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12037941/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 4 July 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFde_VegaGlenbergGraesser2008" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">de Vega, Glenberg & Graesser 2008</a>. A wide range of views in current research, all of which require grounding to some degree</span></li><li id="cite_note-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725000706/http://www.setiai.com/archives/cat_honey_bee_brain.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"[links to bee brain studies]"</a>. <i>Honey Bee Brain</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.setiai.com/archives/cat_honey_bee_brain.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">30 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honey+Bee+Brain&rft.atitle=%5Blinks+to+bee+brain+studies%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setiai.com%2Farchives%2Fcat_honey_bee_brain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkowsky2006_82-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFYudkowsky2006" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Yudkowsky 2006</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYekutieliSagiv-ZoharAharonovEngel2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yekutieli, Y; Sagiv-Zohar, R; Aharonov, R; Engel, Y; Hochner, B; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Flash" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tamar Flash">Flash, T</a>(August 2005). "Dynamic model of the octopus arm. I. Biomechanics of the octopus reaching movement". <i>J. Neurophysiol</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 1443–58. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.00684.2004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1152/jn.00684.2004</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15829594" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">15829594</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurophysiol.&rft.atitle=Dynamic+model+of+the+octopus+arm.+I.+Biomechanics+of+the+octopus+reaching+movement&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1443-58&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjn.00684.2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15829594&rft.aulast=Yekutieli&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Sagiv-Zohar%2C+R&rft.au=Aharonov%2C+R&rft.au=Engel%2C+Y&rft.au=Hochner%2C+B&rft.au=Flash%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFWilliamsHerrup1988" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Williams & Herrup 1988</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-75525" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"nervous system, human."</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 9 January 2007</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo_et_al.2009-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzevedo_et_al.2009_87-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFAzevedo_et_al.2009" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Azevedo et al. 2009</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFSearle1980" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Searle 1980</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>,</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-strongAI.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Oxford University Press Dictionary of Psychology</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203103022/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-strongAI.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (quoted in "High Beam Encyclopedia"),</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/phil.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719074502/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/phil.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 19 July 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (quoted in "AITopics")</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Planet Math</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919012830/http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 19 September 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/tongen_2003-11-07.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Will Biological Computers Enable Artificially Intelligent Machines to Become Persons?</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513031753/http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/tongen_2003-11-07.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 13 May 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>Anthony Tongen</li></ul></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947_91-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947_91-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2003947_91-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Russell & Norvig 2003</a>, p. 947.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1974-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagel1974_92-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFNagel1974" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Nagel 1974</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-physica_scripta-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-physica_scripta_94-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-physica_scripta_94-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-physica_scripta_94-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSotalaYampolskiy2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sotala, Kaj; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Yampolskiy, Roman V.</a> (19 December 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F018001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica_Scripta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physica Scripta">Physica Scripta</a></i>. <b>90</b> (1): 018001. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F018001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/018001</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8949" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0031-8949</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.atitle=Responses+to+catastrophic+AGI+risk%3A+a+survey&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=018001&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F018001&rft.issn=0031-8949&rft.aulast=Sotala&rft.aufirst=Kaj&rft.au=Yampolskiy%2C+Roman+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F0031-8949%252F90%252F1%252F018001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFJoy2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill Joy">Joy, Bill</a> (April 2000). "Why the future doesn't need us". <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Why+the+future+doesn%27t+need+us&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Joy&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAleksander1996-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAleksander1996_96-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFAleksander1996" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Aleksander 1996</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClocksin2003_97-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFClocksin2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Clocksin 2003</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJames2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">James, Alex P. (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9390376" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Why , What , and How of Artificial General Intelligence Chip Development"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 333–347. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.06338" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012.06338</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCDS.2021.3069871" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1109/TCDS.2021.3069871</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2379-8920" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2379-8920</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228376556" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">228376556</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828140528/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9390376/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Cognitive+and+Developmental+Systems&rft.atitle=The+Why+%2C+What+%2C+and+How+of+Artificial+General+Intelligence+Chip+Development&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-347&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2012.06338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228376556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2379-8920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCDS.2021.3069871&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9390376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPeiDengSongZhao2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pei, Jing; Deng, Lei; Song, Sen; Zhao, Mingguo; Zhang, Youhui; Wu, Shuang; Wang, Guanrui; Zou, Zhe; Wu, Zhenzhi; He, Wei; Chen, Feng; Deng, Ning; Wu, Si; Wang, Yu; Wu, Yujie (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1424-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Towards artificial general intelligence with hybrid Tianjic chip architecture"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>572</b> (7767): 106–111. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.572..106P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2019Natur.572..106P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1424-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/s41586-019-1424-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1476-4687</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31367028" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31367028</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199056116" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">199056116</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829084912/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1424-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 29 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Towards+artificial+general+intelligence+with+hybrid+Tianjic+chip+architecture&rft.volume=572&rft.issue=7767&rft.pages=106-111&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199056116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.572..106P&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1424-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31367028&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft.au=Deng%2C+Lei&rft.au=Song%2C+Sen&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Mingguo&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Youhui&rft.au=Wu%2C+Shuang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guanrui&rft.au=Zou%2C+Zhe&rft.au=Wu%2C+Zhenzhi&rft.au=He%2C+Wei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Feng&rft.au=Deng%2C+Ning&rft.au=Wu%2C+Si&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yu&rft.au=Wu%2C+Yujie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-019-1424-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelernter2010_100-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFGelernter2010" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Gelernter 2010</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStrickland2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Strickland, Eliza (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2021.9563956" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Turbulent Past and Uncertain Future of AI: Is there a way out of AI's boom-and-bust cycle?"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. <b>58</b> (10): 26–31. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmspec.2021.9563956" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1109/mspec.2021.9563956</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9235" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0018-9235</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238478853" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">238478853</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Turbulent+Past+and+Uncertain+Future+of+AI%3A+Is+there+a+way+out+of+AI%27s+boom-and-bust+cycle%3F&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=26-31&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238478853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmspec.2021.9563956&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1109%2Fmspec.2021.9563956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007-102" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007_102-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007_102-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2007_102-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFMcCarthy2007" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">McCarthy 2007</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-103" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYamakawa2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yamakawa, Hiroshi (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2021.09.004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The whole brain architecture approach: Accelerating the development of artificial general intelligence by referring to the brain"</a>. <i>Neural Networks</i>. <b>144</b>: 478–495. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2021.09.004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.neunet.2021.09.004</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0893-6080" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0893-6080</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34600220" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">34600220</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232170707" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">232170707</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neural+Networks&rft.atitle=The+whole+brain+architecture+approach%3A+Accelerating+the+development+of+artificial+general+intelligence+by+referring+to+the+brain&rft.volume=144&rft.pages=478-495&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0893-6080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232170707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34600220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2021.09.004&rft.aulast=Yamakawa&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neunet.2021.09.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-104" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJonesKerber2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jones, David T.; Kerber, Kevin A. (7 February 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000013200" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Artificial Intelligence and the Practice of Neurology in 2035"</a>. <i>Neurology</i>. <b>98</b> (6): 238–245. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.0000000000013200" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1212/wnl.0000000000013200</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3878" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0028-3878</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35131918" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">35131918</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246635279" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">246635279</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202192654/https://n.neurology.org/content/98/6/238" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+and+the+Practice+of+Neurology+in+2035&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=238-245&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft.issn=0028-3878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246635279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35131918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2Fwnl.0000000000013200&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Kerber%2C+Kevin+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1212%2Fwnl.0000000000013200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003-105" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolteChoueiry2003_105-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFHolteChoueiry2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Holte & Choueiry 2003</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZucker2003-106" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZucker2003_106-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#CITEREFZucker2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">Zucker 2003</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-107" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-107" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDeane2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Deane, George (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00368" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Machines That Feel and Think: The Role of Affective Feelings and Mental Action in (Artificial) General Intelligence"</a>. <i>Artificial Life</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 289–309. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fartl_a_00368" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/artl_a_00368</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-5462" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1064-5462</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881678" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">35881678</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251069071" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">251069071</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Life&rft.atitle=Machines+That+Feel+and+Think%3A+The+Role+of+Affective+Feelings+and+Mental+Action+in+%28Artificial%29+General+Intelligence&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-309&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1064-5462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251069071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35881678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fartl_a_00368&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1162%2Fartl_a_00368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-108" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2019). "Kaplan Andreas and Haelein Michael (2019) Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence". <i>Business Horizons</i>. <b>62</b>: 15–25. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">158433736</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Horizons&rft.atitle=Kaplan+Andreas+and+Haelein+Michael+%282019%29+Siri%2C+Siri%2C+in+my+hand%3A+Who%27s+the+fairest+in+the+land%3F+On+the+interpretations%2C+illustrations%2C+and+implications+of+artificial+intelligence&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=15-25&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158433736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Haenlein%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-109" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPriyadarshiniCotton2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Priyadarshini, Ishaani; Cotton, Chase (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.techscience.com/cmc/v70n1/44391" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"AI Cannot Understand Memes: Experiments with OCR and Facial Emotions"</a>. <i>Computers, Materials & Continua</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 781–800. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32604%2Fcmc.2022.019284" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.32604/cmc.2022.019284</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-2226" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1546-2226</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239639188" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">239639188</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202192655/https://www.techscience.com/cmc/v70n1/44391" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers%2C+Materials+%26+Continua&rft.atitle=AI+Cannot+Understand+Memes%3A+Experiments+with+OCR+and+Facial+Emotions&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=781-800&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239639188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1546-2226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32604%2Fcmc.2022.019284&rft.aulast=Priyadarshini&rft.aufirst=Ishaani&rft.au=Cotton%2C+Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techscience.com%2Fcmc%2Fv70n1%2F44391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-spec1-110" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-spec1_110-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFBoucher2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Boucher, Philip (March 2019). "Concluding remarks". <a class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/files/be-heard/religious-and-non-confessional-dialogue/events/en-20190319-how-artificial-intelligence-works.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">How artificial intelligence works</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> (Report). European Parliamentary Research Service. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303125008/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/files/be-heard/religious-and-non-confessional-dialogue/events/en-20190319-how-artificial-intelligence-works.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 March</span> 2020</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Today's AI is powerful and useful, but remains far from speculated AGI or ASI.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=How+artificial+intelligence+works&rft.pub=European+Parliamentary+Research+Service&rft.date=2019-03&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fat-your-service%2Ffiles%2Fbe-heard%2Freligious-and-non-confessional-dialogue%2Fevents%2Fen-20190319-how-artificial-intelligence-works.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-spec2-111" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-spec2_111-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/en/journal/001/Documents/itu2018-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">itu.int: Beyond Mad?: The Race For Artificial General Intelligence</a><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025023/https://www.itu.int/en/journal/001/Documents/itu2018-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 9 November 2020 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "AGI represents a level of power that remains firmly in the realm of speculative fiction as on date." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Artificial+intelligence+will+not+turn+into+a+Frankenstein%27s+monster&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2Faug%2F10%2Fartificial-intelligence-will-not-become-a-frankensteins-monster-ian-winfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-114" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-:0_114-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFjelland2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fjelland, Ragnar (17 June 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0494-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Why general artificial intelligence will not be realized"</a>. <i>Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–9. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0494-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1057/s41599-020-0494-4</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9992" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2662-9992</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219710554" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">219710554</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Why+general+artificial+intelligence+will+not+be+realized&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219710554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2662-9992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-020-0494-4&rft.aulast=Fjelland&rft.aufirst=Ragnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-020-0494-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-new_yorker_doomsday-115" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-new_yorker_doomsday_115-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFRaffi_Khatchadourian2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Raffi Khatchadourian (23 November 2015). <a class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/23/doomsday-invention-artificial-intelligence-nick-bostrom" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Doomsday Invention: Will artificial intelligence bring us utopia or destruction?"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New Yorker (magazine)">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128105955/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/23/doomsday-invention-artificial-intelligence-nick-bostrom" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Doomsday+Invention%3A+Will+artificial+intelligence+bring+us+utopia+or+destruction%3F&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft.au=Raffi+Khatchadourian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fdoomsday-invention-artificial-intelligence-nick-bostrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-116" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, V. C., & Bostrom, N. (2016). Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. In Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence (pp. 555–572). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 May</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robohub&rft.atitle=AI+is+a+tool%2C+not+a+threat&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobohub.org%2Fartificial-intelligence-is-a-tool-not-a-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-118" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-118" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMüller2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Müller, Vincent C. (3 July 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0952813X.2014.895110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Risks of general artificial intelligence"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 297–301. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0952813X.2014.895110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/0952813X.2014.895110</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0952-813X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0952-813X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31835019" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">31835019</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+%26+Theoretical+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Risks+of+general+artificial+intelligence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-301&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31835019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0952-813X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0952813X.2014.895110&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Vincent+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0952813X.2014.895110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-119" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-119" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTurchin2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Turchin, Alexey (1 March 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328718301319" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Assessing the future plausibility of catastrophically dangerous AI"</a>. <i>Futures</i>. <b>107</b>: 45–58. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.futures.2018.11.007" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.futures.2018.11.007</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-3287" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0016-3287</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158975847" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">158975847</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Futures&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+future+plausibility+of+catastrophically+dangerous+AI&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=45-58&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158975847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0016-3287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.futures.2018.11.007&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0016328718301319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-120" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFRawlinson" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rawlinson, Kevin. <a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/31047780" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Microsoft's Bill Gates insists AI is a threat"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129183607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/31047780" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Microsoft%27s+Bill+Gates+insists+AI+is+a+threat&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F31047780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-hawking_editorial-121" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-hawking_editorial_121-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence--but-are-we-taking-ai-seriously-enough-9313474.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Stephen Hawking: 'Transcendence looks at the implications of artificial intelligence – but are we taking AI seriously enough?'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(UK)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Independent (UK)">The Independent (UK)</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925153716/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence--but-are-we-taking-ai-seriously-enough-9313474.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+%27Transcendence+looks+at+the+implications+of+artificial+intelligence+%E2%80%93+but+are+we+taking+AI+seriously+enough%3F%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fstephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence--but-are-we-taking-ai-seriously-enough-9313474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-122" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-122" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMcLeanReadThompsonBaber2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McLean, Scott; Read, Gemma J. M.; Thompson, Jason; Baber, Chris; Stanton, Neville A.; Salmon, Paul M. (13 August 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0952813X.2021.1964003" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The risks associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence</i>: 1–15. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0952813X.2021.1964003" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/0952813X.2021.1964003</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0952-813X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0952-813X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238643957" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">238643957</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+%26+Theoretical+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+risks+associated+with+Artificial+General+Intelligence%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238643957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0952-813X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0952813X.2021.1964003&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Read%2C+Gemma+J.+M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Jason&rft.au=Baber%2C+Chris&rft.au=Stanton%2C+Neville+A.&rft.au=Salmon%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0952813X.2021.1964003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-123" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-123" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBostrom2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom, Nick</a> (2014). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies"><i>Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</i></a>(First ed.). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199678112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199678112"><bdi>978-0199678112</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superintelligence%3A+Paths%2C+Dangers%2C+Strategies&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199678112&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-124" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNaudéDimitri2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Naudé, Wim; Dimitri, Nicola (1 June 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-019-00887-x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The race for an artificial general intelligence: implications for public policy"</a>. <i>AI & Society</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 367–379. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-019-00887-x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s00146-019-00887-x</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-5655" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1435-5655</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52045822" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">52045822</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+race+for+an+artificial+general+intelligence%3A+implications+for+public+policy&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=367-379&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52045822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1435-5655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00146-019-00887-x&rft.aulast=Naud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft.au=Dimitri%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00146-019-00887-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-125" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTorres2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Torres, Phil (4 May 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1604873" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The possibility and risks of artificial general intelligence"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 105–108. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019BuAtS..75c.105T" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2019BuAtS..75c.105T</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.2019.1604873" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/00963402.2019.1604873</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0096-3402</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150498464" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">150498464</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202181016/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2019.1604873" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+possibility+and+risks+of+artificial+general+intelligence&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=105-108&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.2019.1604873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150498464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019BuAtS..75c.105T&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00963402.2019.1604873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-126" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFTurchinDenkenberger2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Turchin, Alexey; Denkenberger, David (27 July 2018), <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351251389-25" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Military AI as a Convergent Goal of Self-Improving AI"</a>, <i>Artificial Intelligence Safety and Security</i>, First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, pp. 375–393, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781351251389-25" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1201/9781351251389-25</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-25138-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-25138-9"><bdi>978-1-351-25138-9</bdi></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:65323952" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">65323952</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202181021/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781351251389-25/military-ai-convergent-goal-self-improving-ai-alexey-turchin-david-denkenberger" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 August</span> 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Safety+and+Security&rft.atitle=Military+AI+as+a+Convergent+Goal+of+Self-Improving+AI&rft.pages=375-393&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A65323952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9781351251389-25&rft.isbn=978-1-351-25138-9&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft.au=Denkenberger%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1201%2F9781351251389-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-127" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCarayannisDraper2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carayannis, Elias G.; Draper, John (11 January 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01382-y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Optimising peace through a Universal Global Peace Treaty to constrain the risk of war from a militarised artificial superintelligence"</a>. <i>AI & Society</i>: 1–14. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-021-01382-y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s00146-021-01382-y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-5655" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1435-5655</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8748529" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">8748529</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35035113" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">35035113</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202181018/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-021-01382-y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Optimising+peace+through+a+Universal+Global+Peace+Treaty+to+constrain+the+risk+of+war+from+a+militarised+artificial+superintelligence&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8748529%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1435-5655&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35035113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00146-021-01382-y&rft.aulast=Carayannis&rft.aufirst=Elias+G.&rft.au=Draper%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00146-021-01382-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-atlantic-but-what-128" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-atlantic-but-what_128-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFHamblin2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hamblin, James (9 May 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/but-what-does-the-end-of-humanity-mean-for-me/361931/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"But What Would the End of Humanity Mean for Me?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604211145/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/but-what-does-the-end-of-humanity-mean-for-me/361931/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=But+What+Would+the+End+of+Humanity+Mean+for+Me%3F&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2014%2F05%2Fbut-what-does-the-end-of-humanity-mean-for-me%2F361931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-129" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/tech-luminaries-address-singularity" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Tech Luminaries Address Singularity"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News</i>. No. SPECIAL REPORT: THE SINGULARITY. 1 June 2008. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430150019/https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/tech-luminaries-address-singularity" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum%3A+Technology%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Science+News&rft.atitle=Tech+Luminaries+Address+Singularity&rft.issue=SPECIAL+REPORT%3A+THE+SINGULARITY&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcomputing%2Fhardware%2Ftech-luminaries-address-singularity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-shermer-130" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence#cite_ref-shermer_130-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShermer2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shermer, Michael (1 March 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-intelligence-is-not-a-threat-mdash-yet/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Apocalypse AI"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>316</b> (3): 77. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciAm.316c..77S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2017SciAm.316c..77S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0317-77" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/scientificamerican0317-77</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28207698" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28207698</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051401/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-intelligence-is-not-a-threat-mdash-yet/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Apocalypse+AI&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28207698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0317-77&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SciAm.316c..77S&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fartificial-intelligence-is-not-a-threat-mdash-yet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_general_intelligence&action=edit&section=27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em; font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development</i></a>. Paris: UNESCO. 11 June 2021. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6"><bdi>978-92-3-100450-6</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618233752/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBerglas2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Berglas, Anthony (2008), <a class="external text" href="http://berglas.org/Articles/AIKillGrandchildren/AIKillGrandchildren.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Artificial Intelligence will Kill our Grandchildren</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723053223/http://berglas.org/Articles/AIKillGrandchildren/AIKillGrandchildren.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 August</span> 2012</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence+will+Kill+our+Grandchildren&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Berglas&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberglas.org%2FArticles%2FAIKillGrandchildren%2FAIKillGrandchildren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; 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color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">38482114</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Do+we+have+brain+to+spare%3F&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2004-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38482114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15985565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2F01.WNL.0000166914.38327.BB&rft.aulast=Drachman&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFFeigenbaumMcCorduck1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Feigenbaum, Edward A.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck" style="background: none; 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margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFGelernter2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gelernter, David (2010), <a class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/gelernter10.1/gelernter10.1_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Dream-logic, the Internet and Artificial Thought</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726055120/http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/gelernter10.1/gelernter10.1_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 July</span> 2010</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream-logic%2C+the+Internet+and+Artificial+Thought&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gelernter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2F3rd_culture%2Fgelernter10.1%2Fgelernter10.1_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; 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color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2013</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+General+Intelligence&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23733-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.inf.elte.hu%2Fcsizsekp%2Fai%2Fbooks%2Fartificial-general-intelligence-cognitive-technologies.9783540237334.27156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFGoertzel2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Goertzel">Goertzel, Ben</a> (December 2007), <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=sv&lr=&cluster=15189798216526465792" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Human-level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity: a reaction to Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near, and McDermott's critique of Kurzweil"</a>, <i>Artificial Intelligence</i>, <b>171</b> (18, Special Review Issue): 1161–1173, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.artint.2007.10.011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.011</a></span>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107042341/http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=sv&lr=&cluster=15189798216526465792" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Human-level+artificial+general+intelligence+and+the+possibility+of+a+technological+singularity%3A+a+reaction+to+Ray+Kurzweil%27s+The+Singularity+Is+Near%2C+and+McDermott%27s+critique+of+Kurzweil&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=18%2C+Special+Review+Issue&rft.pages=1161-1173&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.artint.2007.10.011&rft.aulast=Goertzel&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Dsv%26lr%3D%26cluster%3D15189798216526465792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFGubrud1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gubrud, Mark (November 1997), <a class="external text" href="http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nanotechnology and International Security"</a>, <i>Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529215447/http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 May</span> 2011</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fifth+Foresight+Conference+on+Molecular+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Nanotechnology+and+International+Security&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Gubrud&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foresight.org%2FConferences%2FMNT05%2FPapers%2FGubrud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHalal" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Halal, William E. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606101835/http://www.techcast.org/Upload/PDFs/633615794236495345_TCTheAutomationofThought.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"TechCast Article Series: The Automation of Thought"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. 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text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Lighthill">Lighthill, Professor Sir James</a> (1973), "Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey", <i>Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium</i>, Science Research Council</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+a+paper+symposium&rft.pub=Science+Research+Council&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Lighthill&rft.aufirst=Professor+Sir+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFLugerStubblefield2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Luger, George; Stubblefield, William (2004), <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge/page/720" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving</i></a> (5th ed.), The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge/page/720" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">720</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4780-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4780-7"><bdi>978-0-8053-4780-7</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+Structures+and+Strategies+for+Complex+Problem+Solving&rft.pages=720&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-4780-7&rft.aulast=Luger&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Stubblefield%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialintell0000luge%2Fpage%2F720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMcCarthy2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">McCarthy, John</a> (October 2007), "From here to human-level AI", <i>Artificial Intelligence</i>, <b>171</b> (18): 1174–1182, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.artint.2007.10.009" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.009</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=From+here+to+human-level+AI&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=1174-1182&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.artint.2007.10.009&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMcCorduck2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pamela McCorduck">McCorduck, Pamela</a> (2004), <i>Machines Who Think</i> (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. 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color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Moravec">Moravec, Hans</a> (1976), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232511/http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Role of Raw Power in Intelligence</i></a>, archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/users/hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1975/Raw.Power.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 September</span> 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Raw+Power+in+Intelligence&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Moravec&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frc.ri.cmu.edu%2Fusers%2Fhpm%2Fproject.archive%2Fgeneral.articles%2F1975%2FRaw.Power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMoravec1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Moravec">Moravec, Hans</a> (1988), <i>Mind Children</i>, Harvard University Press</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Children&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Moravec&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMoravec1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moravec, Hans (1998), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615031852/http://transhumanist.com/volume1/moravec.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; 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margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFNagel1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagel (1974), <a class="external text" href="http://organizations.utep.edu/Portals/1475/nagel_bat.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"What Is it Like to Be a Bat"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Philosophical Review</i>, <b>83</b> (4): 435–50, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183914" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/2183914</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183914" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2183914</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016181405/http://organizations.utep.edu/Portals/1475/nagel_bat.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=What+Is+it+Like+to+Be+a+Bat&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-50&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2183914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2183914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Nagel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forganizations.utep.edu%2FPortals%2F1475%2Fnagel_bat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFNewellSimon1963" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Newell">Newell, Allen</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon, H. A.</a> (1963), "GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought", in Feigenbaum, E.A.; Feldman, J. (eds.), <i>Computers and Thought</i>, New York: McGraw-Hill</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GPS%3A+A+Program+that+Simulates+Human+Thought&rft.btitle=Computers+and+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Simon%2C+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNewellSimon1976" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Newell">Newell, Allen</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon, H. A.</a> (1976). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360018.360022" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 113–126. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360018.360022" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1145/360018.360022</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Computer+Science+as+Empirical+Inquiry%3A+Symbols+and+Search&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=113-126&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F360018.360022&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Simon%2C+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F360018.360022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFNilsson1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Nilsson_(researcher)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nils Nilsson (researcher)">Nilsson, Nils</a> (1998), <i>Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis</i>, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-467-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-467-4"><bdi>978-1-55860-467-4</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+New+Synthesis&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-467-4&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFNRC1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States National Research Council">NRC</a> (1999), <a class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/far/ch9.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Developments in Artificial Intelligence"</a>, <i>Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research</i>, National Academy Press, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112001018/http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/far/ch9.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 September</span> 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developments+in+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.btitle=Funding+a+Revolution%3A+Government+Support+for+Computing+Research&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=NRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Freadingroom%2Fbooks%2Ffar%2Fch9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFOmohundro2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Omohundro">Omohundro, Steve</a> (2008), <i>The Nature of Self-Improving Artificial Intelligence</i>, presented and distributed at the 2007 Singularity Summit, San Francisco, CA.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Self-Improving+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pub=presented+and+distributed+at+the+2007+Singularity+Summit%2C+San+Francisco%2C+CA.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Omohundro&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFPooleMackworthGoebel1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Poole_(researcher)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Poole (researcher) (page does not exist)">Poole, David</a>; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998), <a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/poole/ci.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725025030/http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/poole/ci.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 December</span> 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Intelligence%3A+A+Logical+Approach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mackworth%2C+Alan&rft.au=Goebel%2C+Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ubc.ca%2Fspider%2Fpoole%2Fci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norvig" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2003), <a class="external text" href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i></a> (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-790395-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-790395-2"><bdi>0-13-790395-2</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-13-790395-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faima.cs.berkeley.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSandbergBoström2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sandberg, Anders; Boström, Nick (2008), <a class="external text" href="http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/Reports/2008-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, Technical Report #2008‐3, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325021252/https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reports/2008-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whole+Brain+Emulation%3A+A+Roadmap&rft.series=Technical+Report+%232008%E2%80%903&rft.pub=Future+of+Humanity+Institute%2C+Oxford+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Bostr%C3%B6m%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhi.ox.ac.uk%2FReports%2F2008-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSearle1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Searle">Searle, John</a> (1980), <a class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/7150/1/10.1.1.83.5248.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Minds, Brains and Programs"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>, <b>3</b> (3): 417–457, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X00005756" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0140525X00005756</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55303721" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">55303721</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317230215/http://cogprints.org/7150/1/10.1.1.83.5248.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Minds%2C+Brains+and+Programs&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=417-457&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X00005756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55303721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F7150%2F1%2F10.1.1.83.5248.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSimon1965" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon, H. A.</a> (1965), <i>The Shape of Automation for Men and Management</i>, New York: Harper & Row</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Automation+for+Men+and+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSutherland1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sutherland, J.G. (1990), "Holographic Model of Memory, Learning, and Expression", <i>International Journal of Neural Systems</i>, <b>1–3</b>: 256–267</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Neural+Systems&rft.atitle=Holographic+Model+of+Memory%2C+Learning%2C+and+Expression&rft.volume=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=256-267&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFde_VegaGlenbergGraesser2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">de Vega, Manuel; Glenberg, Arthur; Graesser, Arthur, eds. 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margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFYudkowsky2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Yudkowsky, Eliezer</a> (2006), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411050423/http://www.singinst.org/upload/LOGI/LOGI.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Artificial General Intelligence"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i>, Springer, <b>49</b>: 585–612, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.49.1.585" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.585</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23733-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23733-4"><bdi>978-3-540-23733-4</bdi></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9496632" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">9496632</a>, archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.singinst.org/upload/LOGI//LOGI.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2009</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Artificial+General+Intelligence&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=585-612&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9496632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.49.1.585&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23733-4&rft.aulast=Yudkowsky&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singinst.org%2Fupload%2FLOGI%2F%2FLOGI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFYudkowsky2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Yudkowsky, Eliezer</a> (2008), "Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk", <i>Global Catastrophic Risks</i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008gcr..book..303Y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2008gcr..book..303Y</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198570509.003.0021" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/oso/9780198570509.003.0021</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198570509" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780198570509"><bdi>9780198570509</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Catastrophic+Risks&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+as+a+Positive+and+Negative+Factor+in+Global+Risk&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198570509.003.0021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008gcr..book..303Y&rft.isbn=9780198570509&rft.aulast=Yudkowsky&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFZucker2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zucker, Jean-Daniel (July 2003), "A grounded theory of abstraction in artificial intelligence", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</a></i>, <b>358</b> (1435): 1293–1309, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2003.1308" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rstb.2003.1308</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693211" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1693211</a></span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12903672" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12903672</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=A+grounded+theory+of+abstraction+in+artificial+intelligence&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=1435&rft.pages=1293-1309&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12903672&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2003.1308&rft.aulast=Zucker&rft.aufirst=Jean-Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtificial+general+intelligence"></span>.</li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); 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color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">For "Works Cited" lists, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citation">Citation</a>.</div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">"Bibliology" redirects here. For the theological study of the nature of the Bible, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_theology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical theology">Biblical theology</a>.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg/250px-Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg/375px-Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg/500px-Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bibliographies at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Library_of_Graz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University Library of Graz">University Library of Graz</a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Bibliography</b> (from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">βιβλίον</span>, <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">biblion</i></span>, <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'book' and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">-γραφία</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">-graphía</i></span>, 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book">books</a> as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as <b>bibliology</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> (from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">-λογία</span>, <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">-logía</i></span>). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes <i>bibliography</i> as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or <b>enumerative bibliography</b>); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or <b>descriptive bibliography</b>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">bibliographia</i></span><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-size: 12.6px;">(βιβλιογραφία)</span></span> was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Field_of_study">Field of study</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Field of study">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bibliography is a specialized aspect of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Library science">library science</a> (or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_information_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a>, LIS) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Documentation science">documentation science</a>. It was established by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Belgians">Belgian</a>, named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otlet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Otlet">Paul Otlet</a> (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about "the science of bibliography."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> However, there have recently been voices claiming that "the bibliographical paradigm" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The quantitative study of bibliographies is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliometrics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a>, which is today an influential subfield in LIS<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deals</a>, through data analysis tools like <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaywall_Journals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unpaywall Journals">Unpaywall Journals</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Branches">Branches</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Branches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Carter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Innovators and originators in the field include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Greg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. W. Greg">W. W. Greg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredson_Bowers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fredson Bowers">Fredson Bowers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gaskell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip Gaskell">Philip Gaskell</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Thomas_Tanselle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. Thomas Tanselle">G. Thomas Tanselle</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, <i>The Principles of Bibliographic Description</i>. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">D. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as "the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include "non-book texts" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Publication">publications</a> in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> and websites.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Enumerative_bibliography">Enumerative bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Enumerative bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="652" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="143" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg/220px-Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg/330px-Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg/440px-Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bibliographer workplace in Russia</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Academic journal">journal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(publishing)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a>. Bibliographies range from "works <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citation">cited</a>" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's <i>A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers</i> (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_database" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic databases</a>. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_catalog" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Library catalog">library catalog</a>, while not referred to as a "bibliography," is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_source" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Enumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_style" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citation style">Citation styles</a> vary. An entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">creator(s)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">title</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">place of publication</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">publisher or printer</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">date of publication</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">creator(s)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">article title</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">journal title</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">volume</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">pages</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">date of publication</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotated_bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annotated bibliography">Annotated bibliographies</a> give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference management software">Reference management software</a> may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bibliographies differ from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_catalog" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Library catalog">library catalogs</a> by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_library" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National library">national libraries</a> effectively serve as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National bibliography">national bibliographies</a>, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Descriptive_bibliography">Descriptive bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Descriptive bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Fredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his <i>Principles of Bibliographical Description</i> (1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, "[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents" (124).</p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Descriptive_bibliographies_as_scholarly_product">Descriptive bibliographies as scholarly product</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Descriptive bibliographies as scholarly product">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Descriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Format and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages</li></ul><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">According to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Broadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Folio: 2° or fol.</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Quarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Octavo: 8° or 8vo</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Duodecimo: 12° or 12mo</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Sexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Tricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Sexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo</dd></dl></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">The collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">For example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D</dd></dl></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">would be represented in the collation formula:<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">4°: A<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sup>B-C<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">4</sup>D<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Binding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Title Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Contents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Paper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Illustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Presswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Copies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Analytical_bibliography">Analytical bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Analytical bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_Encyclopædia_Britannica:_Macropaedia_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-New_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica:_Macropaedia-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinding" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bookbinding">binding</a>, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining "the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text" (Bowers 498[1]).</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliographers">Bibliographers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Bibliographers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="905" data-file-width="1353" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg/220px-Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg/330px-Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg/440px-Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otlet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Otlet">Paul Otlet</a>, working in an office built at his home following the closure of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaneum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mundaneum">Palais Mondial</a>, in June 1937</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A <i>bibliographer</i> is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The term <i>bibliographer</i> is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_database" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic databases</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">One of the first bibliographers was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Universalis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliotheca Universalis">Bibliotheca Universalis</a></i> (1545).</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-book_material">Non-book material</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Non-book material">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Systematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to <i>bibliography</i>:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discography">Discography</a>—recorded music</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Filmography">Filmography</a>—films</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Webography (or webliography)—websites<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[note 1]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arachniography, a term coined by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NASA">NASA</a> research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="URL">URLs</a> about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachne" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arachne">arachne</a></i> in reference to a spider and its web.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-atlantic2007_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-atlantic2007-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright" role="navigation" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: table; float: right; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; max-width: 175px; padding: 0.1em;"><li class="portalbox-entry" style="display: table-row; font-size: 11.9px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; height: 1.9em; line-height: 13.09px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="portalbox-image" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="128" data-file-width="128" decoding="async" height="28" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></a></span><span class="portalbox-link" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Books">books portal</a></span></li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_index" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliographic index">Bibliographic index</a> – Resource for finding publications</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citation">Citation</a> – Reference to a source</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_creator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citation creator">Citation creator</a> – Software to use for recording and utilising bibliographic citations (references)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_books" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of books">History of books</a> – Aspect of history</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibid." style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ibid.">Ibid.</a> – Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op._cit." style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Op. cit.">Op. cit.</a> – Latin abbreviation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexing_and_abstracting_service" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indexing and abstracting service">Indexing and abstracting service</a> – service that provides summaries and descriptions of documents</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_690" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a> – ISO standard for bibliographic referencing</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of books">List of books</a> – List of Wikipedia list articles (in Wikipedia)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metabibliography">Metabibliography</a> – a bibliography of bibliographies</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_table" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference table">Reference table</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Legal bibliography">Legal bibliography</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Style guide">Style guide</a> – Set of standards for the writing and design of documents</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_scholarship" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Textual scholarship">Textual scholarship</a> – Academic analysis of texts</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-22" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first use of the word "webliography" recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from June 1995.</span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"bibliology". <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). 1989.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bibliology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#CITEREFCarterBarker2004" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">CarterBarker (2004)</a>, p. 37.</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum, Rudolf. <i>Bibliographia, an inquiry into its definition and designations</i>. Translated by Mathilde V. Rovelstad. Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association; Folkestone, Kent, England: Dawson, 1980. p. 12. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8389-0146-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8389-0146-8">0-8389-0146-8</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Studies in Bibliography. <a class="external free" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211742/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2012-04-14 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Hagan Hardy, M. (2017). Bibliographic enterprise and the digital age: Charles Evans and the making of early American literature. <i>American Literary History, 29</i>(2), 331-351.</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otlet, P. (1903). <i>Les sciences bibliographiques et la documentation</i>. Bruxelles, Institut international de bibliographie.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otlet, P. (1903). "The science of bibliography and documentation"2. In Rayward, W.B. (trans. and ed.), (1990), <i>International organisation and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet</i>. FID, Amsterdam: Elsevier.</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hjørland, B. (2007). "Arguments for 'the bibliographical paradigm'. Some thoughts inspired by the new English edition of the UDC", Information Research, 12(4) paper colis06. [Available at <a class="external free" href="http://informationr.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">http://InformationR.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065303/http://www.informationr.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2018-02-03 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>]</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcKenzie1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McKenzie, D. F. (1999). <i>Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+and+the+Sociology+of+Texts&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gow, A. S. F. <i>A. E. Housman: A Sketch.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print</span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFDenise_Wolfe2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Denise Wolfe (2020-04-07). <a class="external text" href="https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries"</a>. <i>library.buffalo.edu</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.buffalo.edu&rft.atitle=SUNY+Negotiates+New%2C+Modified+Agreement+with+Elsevier+-+Libraries+News+Center+University+at+Buffalo+Libraries&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.au=Denise+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.buffalo.edu%2Fnews%2F2020%2F04%2F07%2Fsuny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredson Bowers, "Four Faces of Bibliography" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada 10 (1971):33-4.</span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Gaskell, <i>A New Introduction to Bibliography</i> (2000).</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belanger, Terry. "<a class="external text" href="http://www.bibsocamer.org/bibdef.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Descriptive Bibliography</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204103539/http://www.bibsocamer.org/bibdef.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2011-12-04 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Bibliographical Society of America, 2003. Excerpted from Jean Peters, ed., <i>Book Collecting: A Modern Guide</i> (New York and London: R. R. Bowker, 1977), 97–101.</span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Neil. <a class="external text" href="http://ihl.enssib.fr/siteihl.php?page=56" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Analytical bibliography: an alternative prospectus</i>. Chapter 1. Definitions of bibliography, and in particular of the variety called analytical</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140139/http://ihl.enssib.fr/siteihl.php?page=56" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Institut d'histoire du livre, 2004.</span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmon, Robert B. <i>Elements of bibliography: a simplified approach</i>. Rev. ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989. p. 4. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2218-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2218-0">0-8108-2218-0</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ifla.org/node/2216" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"National Bibliographic Register"</a>. <i>Ifla.org</i>. The Hague: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 December</span>2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ifla.org&rft.atitle=National+Bibliographic+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifla.org%2Fnode%2F2216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/refworks/natbib/bibprint.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"National bibliographies and books in print"</a>. <i>Help for researchers</i>. British Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Help+for+researchers&rft.atitle=National+bibliographies+and+books+in+print&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Freshelp%2Ffindhelprestype%2Frefworks%2Fnatbib%2Fbibprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-New_Encyclopædia_Britannica:_Macropaedia-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-New_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica:_Macropaedia_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBowers1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bowers, Fredson (1974). <i>Bibliography</i> (2nd ed.). pp. 978–981.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography&rft.pages=978-981&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Fredson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFReitz2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Reitz, Joan M. (2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_b.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science"</a>. abc-clio.com.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Dictionary+for+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.pub=abc-clio.com&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Reitz&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc-clio.com%2FODLIS%2Fodlis_b.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/bib_bibliographers" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MLA Field Bibliographers"</a>. mla.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2013-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLA+Field+Bibliographers&rft.pub=mla.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fbib_bibliographers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-atlantic2007-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-atlantic2007_23-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFStaff2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Staff (2007). <i>Encyclopedia Of Information Technology</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0752-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0752-6"><bdi>978-81-269-0752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Of+Information+Technology&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0752-6&rft.au=Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcKenzie2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McKenzie, D. F. (2002). <i>Making Meaning: Printers of the Mind and Other Essays</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Meaning%3A+Printers+of+the+Mind+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Blum, Rudolf. (1980) <i>Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations</i>, Dawson, American Library Association.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bowers, Fredson. (1995) <i>Principles of Bibliographical Description</i>, Oak Knoll Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) <i>How to Catalog a Rare Book</i>, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCarterBarker2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(author)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Carter (author)">Carter, John</a>; Barker, Nicolas (2004). "Bibliography". <a class="external text" href="http://www.ilab.org/eng/documentation/29-abc_for_book_collectors.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>ABC for Book Collectors</i></a> (8th ed.). Oak Knoll Press and British Library. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58456-112-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-58456-112-2"><bdi>1-58456-112-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bibliography&rft.btitle=ABC+for+Book+Collectors&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press+and+British+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58456-112-2&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Barker%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilab.org%2Feng%2Fdocumentation%2F29-abc_for_book_collectors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span> <span style="position: relative; top: -2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Gratis_and_libre" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free to read"><img alt="icon of an open green padlock" data-file-height="813" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="9" /></a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gaskell, Philip. (2000) <i>A New Introduction to Bibliography</i>, Oak Knoll Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">McKerrow, R. B. (1927) <i>An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Schneider, Georg. (1934) <i>Theory and History of Bibliography</i>, New York: Scarecrow Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, <i>Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography</i> (National Library of Canada, 1987). <i>N.B</i>.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">British Museum. Department of Printed Books (1881). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handlistbibliog01portgoog" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Hand List of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and Indexes Placed in the Reading Room of the British Museum for Reference</i></a>. London: Printed by William Clowes and Sons.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand+List+of+Bibliographies%2C+Classified+Catalogues%2C+and+Indexes+Placed+in+the+Reading+Room+of+the+British+Museum+for+Reference&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+by+William+Clowes+and+Sons&rft.date=1881&rft.au=British+Museum.+Department+of+Printed+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandlistbibliog01portgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Robinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) <i>Systematic Bibliography</i>; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bibliography">bibliography</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="430" data-file-width="410" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="38" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight: bold;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bibliography_and_Bibliology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bibliography and Bibliology">Bibliography and Bibliology</a></span>".</div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="430" data-file-width="410" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="38" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Portal:Bibliography">Portal:Bibliography</a></b></div></div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="626" decoding="async" height="33" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="v:Special:Search/Bibliography">Bibliography</a></b></i></div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Oxford Bibliographies Online</a>, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://rarebookschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/syl-B-complete.090302.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Introduction to Bibliography</a>, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bibsocamer.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Bibliographical Society of America</a>, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://bsuva.org/wordpress/studies-in-bibliography/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Studies in Bibliography</i></a>, the journal of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographical_Society_of_the_University_of_Virginia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia">Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906110954/http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology</a>, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects</li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Books" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 864px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 856px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; 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border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Book_design" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Book design">Book design</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Book_terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Book terminology">Book terminology</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Textual_scholarship" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Textual scholarship">Textual scholarship</a></li></ul></div></div></span></div><div><span class="mw-page-title-main"><br /></span></div><div><span class="mw-page-title-main"><br /></span></div><div><span class="mw-page-title-main"><br /></span></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-40256843207781939812023-02-10T04:42:00.001-08:002023-02-10T04:42:20.814-08:00References<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=References&redirect=no" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="References">References</a>)</span></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference (disambiguation)">Reference (disambiguation)</a>.</div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Reference</b> is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to <i>refer to</i> the second object. It is called a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Name">name</a></i> for the second object. The second object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Referent">referent</a></i> of the first object. A name is usually a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phrase">phrase</a> or expression, or some other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbol">symbolic representation</a>. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hearing (sense)">audible</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Visual perception">visual</a> (text), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Olfaction">olfactory</a>, or tactile, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emotions">emotional state</a>, relationship with other,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> coordinate, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symbolic system">symbolic</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-numeric_grid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alpha-numeric grid">alpha-numeric</a>, a physical object or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge, and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used. Some of them are described in the sections below.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_meanings">Etymology and meanings</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Etymology and meanings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The word <i>reference</i> is derived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>referren</i>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i>référer</i>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>referre</i>, "to carry back", formed from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <i>re</i>- and <i>ferre</i>, "to bear".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> A number of words derive from the same root, including <i>refer</i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Referee">referee</a></i>, <i>referential</i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Referent">referent</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Referendum">referendum</a></i>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The verb <i>refer (to)</i> and its derivatives may carry the sense of "connect to" or "link to", as in the meanings of <i>reference</i> described in this article. Another sense is "consult"; this is reflected in such expressions as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference work">reference work</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_desk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference desk">reference desk</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Job reference">job reference</a>, etc.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Semantics">Semantics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Semantics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theory of reference">Theory of reference</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1563" data-file-width="1995" decoding="async" height="172" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png/220px-Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png/330px-Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png/440px-Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ogden_semiotic_triangle.png" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_of_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Triangle of reference">triangle of reference</a>, from the influential book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Meaning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Meaning of Meaning">The Meaning of Meaning</a></i> (1923) by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._K._Ogden" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. K. Ogden">C. K. Ogden</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._A._Richards" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a>.</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, reference is generally construed as the relationships between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noun">nouns</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> and objects that are named by them. Hence, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Word">word</a> "John" refers to the person John. The word "it" refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Referent">referent</a></i> of the word.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Sometimes the word-object relation is called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denotation">denotation</a>"; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exemplification">exemplification</a>"; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antecedent (grammar)">antecedent</a>".</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Meaning">Meaning</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Meaning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a>: "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a>" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a>" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Venus">Venus</a>, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the "meanings" of "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sense and reference">sense and reference</a> of a word. Some cases seem to be too complicated to be classified within this framework; the acceptance of the notion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Secondary reference">secondary reference</a> may be necessary to fill the gap. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaque_context" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Opaque context">Opaque context</a>.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistic_sign">Linguistic sign</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Linguistic sign">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The very concept of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_sign" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistic sign">linguistic sign</a> is the combination of content and expression, the former of which may refer entities in the world or refer more abstract concepts, e.g. thought. Certain parts of speech exist only to express reference, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>. The subset of reflexives expresses co-reference of two participants in a sentence. These could be the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> (actor) and patient (acted on), as in "The man washed himself", the theme and recipient, as in "I showed Mary to herself", or various other possible combinations.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_science">Computer science</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Computer science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference (computer science)">Reference (computer science)</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference (computer science)">references</a> are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data type">data types</a> that refer to an object elsewhere in memory and are used to construct a wide variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Data structure">data structures</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_list" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linked list">linked lists</a>. Generally, a reference is a value that enables a program to directly access the particular data item. Most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> support some form of reference. For the specific type of reference used in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C++">C++</a> language, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_(C%2B%2B)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference (C++)">reference (C++)</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The notion of reference is also important in relational <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Database theory">database theory</a>; see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referential_integrity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Referential integrity">referential integrity</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Library_and_information_sciences">Library and information sciences</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Library and information sciences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference work">Reference work</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_desk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reference desk">Reference desk</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">References to many types of printed matter may come in an electronic or machine-readable form. For books, there exists the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> and for journal articles, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital object identifier">Digital object identifier (DOI)</a> is gaining relevance. Information on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> may be referred to by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Psychology">Psychology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Psychology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In terms of mental processing, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-reference">self-reference</a> is used in psychology to establish identification with a mental state during self-analysis. This seeks to allow the individual to develop own frames of reference in a greater state of immediate awareness. However, it can also lead to circular reasoning, preventing evolution of thought.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), a reference condition is the state toward which a control system's output tends to alter a controlled quantity. The main proposition is that "All behavior is oriented all of the time around the control of certain quantities with respect to specific reference conditions."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scholarship"><span class="anchor" id="Bibliographical_reference"></span>Scholarship</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Scholarship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In academics and scholarship, a reference or <b>bibliographical reference</b> is a piece of information provided in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footnote" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Footnote">footnote</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a> of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Writing">written work</a> such as a book, article, essay, report, oration or any other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Text (literary theory)">text</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_types" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Text types">type</a>, specifying the written work of another person used in the creation of that text. A bibliographical reference mostly includes the full name of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Author">author</a>, the title of their work and the year of publication. The primary purpose of references is to allow readers to examine the sources of a text, either for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Validity (logic)">validity</a> or to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the end of a work in a section marked <i>References</i> or <i>Bibliography</i>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">References are particularly important as for the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citation">citations</a>, since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copying" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copying">copying</a> of material by another author without proper reference and / or without required permissions is considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, and may be tantamount to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, which can be subject to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_proceeding" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Legal proceeding">legal proceedings</a>. A <i>reference</i> section contains only those works indeed cited in the main text of a work. In contrast, a <i>bibliographical</i> section often contains works not cited by the author, but used as background reading or listed as potentially useful to the reader.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Keeping a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diary">diary</a> allows an individual to use references for personal organization, whether or not anyone else understands the systems of reference used. However, scholars have studied methods of reference because of their key role in communication and co-operation between <i>different</i> people, and also because of misunderstandings that can arise. Modern academic study of bibliographical references has been developing since the 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Law">Law</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patent">patent</a> law, a reference is a document that can be used to show the state of knowledge at a given time and that therefore may make a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_(patent)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claim (patent)">claimed</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Invention">invention</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventive_step_and_non-obviousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inventive step and non-obviousness">obvious</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_(patent)#United_States" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Novelty (patent)">anticipated</a>. Examples of references are patents of any country, magazine articles, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> theses that are indexed and thus accessible to those interested in finding information about the subject matter, and to some extent Internet material that is similarly accessible.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts">Arts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Art">art</a>, a reference is an item from which a work is based. This may include:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">an existing artwork</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">a reproduction (i.e., a photo)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">a directly observed object (e.g., a person)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">the artist's memory</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another example of reference is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a> of various musical works being incorporated into a new one.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" style="background: none; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);" title="">Antecedent (grammar)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exemplification">Exemplification</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_antecedent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Generic antecedent">Generic antecedent</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hyperlink">Hyperlink</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexicality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_690" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommendation_letter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recommendation letter">Recommendation letter</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signified_and_signifier" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Signified and signifier">Signified and signifier</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTreanor2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Treanor, Brian (2006). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsalterityl00trea" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Aspects of alterity: Levinas, Marcel, and the contemporary debate</i></a></span>. Fordham University Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsalterityl00trea/page/n55" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">41</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823226849" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780823226849"><bdi>9780823226849</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+alterity%3A+Levinas%2C+Marcel%2C+and+the+contemporary+debate&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780823226849&rft.aulast=Treanor&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsalterityl00trea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Ernest, <i>A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language</i>, Vol II, Elsevier publishing company, Amsterdam, 1969, p.1317</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSaeed2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Saeed, John (10 February 2003). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semanticsintrodu00saee_472" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Semantics</i></a></span>. Blackwell. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semanticsintrodu00saee_472/page/n31" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">12</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22693-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22693-1"><bdi>0-631-22693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003-02-10&rft.isbn=0-631-22693-1&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsemanticsintrodu00saee_472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEngle2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Engle, Eric (2010). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexnaturalisiusn00engl" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality</i></a></span>. Melbourne, Australia: The Rlias Clark Group. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lexnaturalisiusn00engl/page/n75" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">75</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980731842" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780980731842"><bdi>9780980731842</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lex+Naturalis%2C+Ius+Naturalis%3A+Law+as+Positive+Reasoning+%26+Natural+Rationality&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=The+Rlias+Clark+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780980731842&rft.aulast=Engle&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flexnaturalisiusn00engl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPowers2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Powers, William (2005). <i>Behavior: The Control of Perception</i> (2nd ed.). New Canaan, Connecticut: Benchmark Publications. pp. 47 & 299.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behavior%3A+The+Control+of+Perception&rft.place=New+Canaan%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=47+%26+299&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Benchmark+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFReimer2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Reimer, Marga (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reference" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reference"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reference&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Marga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Freference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/reference">reference</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reference.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Reference.com</a> – a multi-source encyclopedia search service, and language reference products provider</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://dir.yahoo.com/Reference" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reference Resources"</a>. <i>Yahoo! Directory</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Directory&rft.atitle=Reference+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdir.yahoo.com%2FReference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.references.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">References.net</a> – a directory of multidisciplinary reference resources on the web</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018094910/http://www.refmuseum.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Refmuseum.com</a> - The online museum of references</li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Logic" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 952px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left; font-size: 12.32px; font-weight: normal; margin-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Logic"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Logic" style="background: none; 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color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Logic">Logic</a></div></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Reference">Reference</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Semantics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophical_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Concepts in logic">Concepts in logic</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Syntactic_relationships" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Syntactic relationships">Syntactic relationships</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning (philosophy of language)</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-34416849096917791602023-02-10T04:35:00.006-08:002023-02-10T04:36:21.401-08:00Pros and Cons Lists..<p> </p><p>Google listings for pro and cons which ofcourse include definitions. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=pro+and+cons&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1044&oq=pro+and+cons&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j0i67j0i512l7.8223j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">See the following</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhpHOCP6l2eQ1ujWuILbHAIhYMhFg3UUViO4hkSTSrnWc1vWz0ZsN6S7zFLepugqpxdBAhkwG-nJ6xFkrzG_bKRkS19B0a9VhtDRnqPGsgcySIvshtLtTQFioeqa7UxfYDSf_8S9-i88NnJJRhNYQfBDuJWVJz6C8XLcSi1-sxoafsHhdZfjjDsEcVP" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhpHOCP6l2eQ1ujWuILbHAIhYMhFg3UUViO4hkSTSrnWc1vWz0ZsN6S7zFLepugqpxdBAhkwG-nJ6xFkrzG_bKRkS19B0a9VhtDRnqPGsgcySIvshtLtTQFioeqa7UxfYDSf_8S9-i88NnJJRhNYQfBDuJWVJz6C8XLcSi1-sxoafsHhdZfjjDsEcVP=w640-h320" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-39327464614487151812023-02-10T04:23:00.004-08:002023-02-10T04:23:43.252-08:00Pros and Cons...........<p> Maybe of interest along with the following Google listings <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=pro+and+cons+list&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1044&oq=pro+and+&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0i433i512j0i131i433i512j0i67j0i457i512j0i402j0i433i512j46i67.4459j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">Pros and Cons Google Listings</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWf7KXEdWDJrQ5IjZh0B1EAXR322AdoGWZV4czvOWyAL0xml5UfMMRvONnsPo3pokKgfU-08GlkLnWkVVO5r69blgW7wuKfC1QwktAtnOyZ1zI_c9DffIq43hBjg7IHTpE8AB6obmHxMF4UujjNJ9236_yq2Bht5U5R5mnPySERRaghavVX476y14Q" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="680" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWf7KXEdWDJrQ5IjZh0B1EAXR322AdoGWZV4czvOWyAL0xml5UfMMRvONnsPo3pokKgfU-08GlkLnWkVVO5r69blgW7wuKfC1QwktAtnOyZ1zI_c9DffIq43hBjg7IHTpE8AB6obmHxMF4UujjNJ9236_yq2Bht5U5R5mnPySERRaghavVX476y14Q=w640-h424" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-73522051282003448532023-01-28T04:32:00.000-08:002023-01-28T04:32:02.302-08:00Wikedebates<p> <span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px;">About the Wikidebates project, the encyclopedia of debates</span></p><div class="mw-body" id="content" role="main" style="background-color: white; border-color: rgb(167, 215, 249); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 1px 1px; color: #202122; direction: ltr; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 11em; margin-top: -1px; padding: 1.25em 1.5em 1.5em;"><div class="mw-body-content" id="bodyContent" style="font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div id="contentSub2" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#mw-head" style="background: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to navigation</a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#searchInput" style="background: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to search</a><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div style="float: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"><br /></div><div class="toc_level_1"><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="direction: ltr; display: none; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#Strengths_and_weaknesses" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Strengths and weaknesses</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#Main_problems" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Main problems</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#Overall_Review" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Overall Review</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#Learn_more_about_these_websites" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Learn more about these websites</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#Your_comments" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Your comments</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#More_about_Wikidebates" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">More about Wikidebates</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#References" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Wikidebates</b> is not the only site which offers to regroup arguments or to summarise debates. Other sites, often in english, have a variety of ways of presenting different positions within a debate.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some of these will have a table with two columns (“pro” and “con” arguments). Others use maps, boxes, or tree-like diagrams. Some debating platforms and sites such as <a class="external text" href="https://carneades.github.io/index.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Carneades</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://truthsift.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Truthsift</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.debate.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debate</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://dialoguea.fr/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Dialoguea</a>, similarly to Wikidebates' format, present arguments in a "linear" manner, grouping these in two separate categories : one for "pro/FOR" arguments, and a second for "con/AGAINST" arguments.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 41px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Arguman.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Argüman et sa arbre argumentatif" data-file-height="790" data-file-width="1392" decoding="async" height="68" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/6/65/Arguman.png/120px-Arguman.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/6/65/Arguman.png/180px-Arguman.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/6/65/Arguman.png/240px-Arguman.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.arguman.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argüman</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 19.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Argumentrix.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Argumentrix et sa liste d'arguments « pour » et « contre »" data-file-height="965" data-file-width="1044" decoding="async" height="111" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/120px-Argumentrix.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/180px-Argumentrix.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/240px-Argumentrix.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.argumentrix.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argumentrix</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 29.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debategraph.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debategraph et ses cartes mentales" data-file-height="915" data-file-width="1209" decoding="async" height="91" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/9/90/Debategraph.png/120px-Debategraph.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/9/90/Debategraph.png/180px-Debategraph.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/9/90/Debategraph.png/240px-Debategraph.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://debategraph.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">DebateGraph</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 35.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatepedia.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatepedia et son tableau en « pour »/« contre »" data-file-height="1045" data-file-width="1584" decoding="async" height="79" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/120px-Debatepedia.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/180px-Debatepedia.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/240px-Debatepedia.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; 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display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="88" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://debatewise.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debatewise</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 30.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Hyperdebat.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Hyperdébat et sa liste d'arguments « pour » et « contre »" data-file-height="771" data-file-width="1038" decoding="async" height="89" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/7/7b/Hyperdebat.png/120px-Hyperdebat.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/7/7b/Hyperdebat.png/180px-Hyperdebat.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/7/7b/Hyperdebat.png/240px-Hyperdebat.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://hyperdebat.net/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Hyperdébat</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Idebate.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Idebate et son tableau en « pour »/« contre »" data-file-height="1021" data-file-width="841" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Idebate.png/99px-Idebate.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Idebate.png/148px-Idebate.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Idebate.png/198px-Idebate.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="99" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://idebate.org/debatabase" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Idebate</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 37.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Kialo.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Kialo et son arbre des « pour » et « contre »" data-file-height="773" data-file-width="1244" decoding="async" height="75" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/e/ee/Kialo.png/120px-Kialo.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/e/ee/Kialo.png/180px-Kialo.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/e/ee/Kialo.png/240px-Kialo.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kialo.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Kialo</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Procon et son tableau en « pour »/« contre »" data-file-height="1071" data-file-width="1020" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/114px-Procon.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/171px-Procon.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/229px-Procon.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="114" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.procon.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Procon</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 33.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Proversi.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Proversi et son tableau « argument »/« objection »" data-file-height="810" data-file-width="1170" decoding="async" height="83" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/4/46/Proversi.png/120px-Proversi.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/4/46/Proversi.png/180px-Proversi.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/4/46/Proversi.png/240px-Proversi.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.proversi.it/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proversi</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 33.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Riyarchy.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Riyarchy et son arbre logique" data-file-height="860" data-file-width="1238" decoding="async" height="83" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/120px-Riyarchy.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/180px-Riyarchy.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/240px-Riyarchy.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.riyarchy.com/intro" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Riyarchy</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 38.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Wikidebate.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Wikidebate et ses boîtes encastrées" data-file-height="698" data-file-width="1151" decoding="async" height="73" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Wikidebate.png/120px-Wikidebate.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Wikidebate.png/180px-Wikidebate.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Wikidebate.png/240px-Wikidebate.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikidebate" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidebate</a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 34.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Wikidebats-screenshot.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Wikidébats et sa liste d'arguments « pour » et « contre »" data-file-height="1040" data-file-width="1541" decoding="async" height="81" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/4/4f/Wikidebats-screenshot.png/120px-Wikidebats-screenshot.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/4/4f/Wikidebats-screenshot.png/180px-Wikidebats-screenshot.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/4/4f/Wikidebats-screenshot.png/240px-Wikidebats-screenshot.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://fr.wikidebates.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidébats</a></p></div></div></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Such different interfaces allow for different possibilities. Depending on the site, arguments and claims may be regrouped by “family”, or be organised in main and sub-claims; they might be summarised by a title or be expanded upon in a dedicated page, or with quotations. Moreover, debates may or may not be interconnected, or offer links to outer ressources, in order to access extra information.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Different interfaces each have both their strengths and shortcomings, which impact the variety and resourcefulness of their presented debates. Some of these differences are detailed in the chart below.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 21.7px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.17em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Strengths_and_weaknesses">Strengths and weaknesses</span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Name of the site</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Language</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Format</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Strengths</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Weaknesses</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kialo.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Kialo</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Tree-like tables</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Readable, clear interface</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ability to easily find arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Recursive “pros” and “cons”</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Links between arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Flagging options (i.e. “Not clear”, “Duplicate claim”, “Unrelated”, etc.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments may be commented upon and shared</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Multiple logical levels</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Skeletal presentation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No named references</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No additional informational ressources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Argument is displayed wether upvoted or downvoted</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://hyperdebat.net/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Hyperdébat</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">fr</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">List</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Multiple arguments and sub-arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Many quotations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Many added informational ressources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Relevant comments from the forum are added to the debate</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Open-licence content</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Offers texts in respect to the <i>Methodical Debate</i></li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Page interface is austere and unpractical</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No in-depth argumentation</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://debategraph.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">DebateGraph</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Card-based presentation</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Card-shaped presentation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The display mode is entirely customisable</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Many “for”/“against” sub-argument levels</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Complexity of the interface</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Slow navigation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments are not detailed</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.proversi.it/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proversi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">it</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Table</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Visually appealing interface</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Richness of argument descriptions</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">“Debate in 2 minutes” summary</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Video responses by experts</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Debates in the form of ebooks</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Language level is very academic</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Complex descriptive arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Debates are in the form of themes rather than questions</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Debates are not interlinked</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ebooks are for sale, ie not free</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia!" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debatepedia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Table</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"For"/"Against" argument table</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Argument and debate pages are separate</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In-case argument quotes and citations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Numerous debate categories</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wikipedia-type interface</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Copyright-free content</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments are too short</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments cannot be countered or objected to</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Often more quotes than summarised arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Uninviting interface</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikidebate" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidebate</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Box-based presentation</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wikiversity integrated</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Clarity of summarised arguments.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Embedded box system</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is copyright-free.</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lack of detail in arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments without proponents</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No complimentary informative ressources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Same system for valid or refuted arguments</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://idebate.org/debatabase" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Idebate</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Table</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Pro"/"Con" argument tree-like interface.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aesthetically pleasing interface.</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lack of detail in arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments without proponents</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Debate titles are not always very clear</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">There are no sub-categories to debates.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"All-in-one" site</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://debatewise.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debatewise</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Table</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In-depth arguments with examples</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Column-based interface is problematic</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.riyarchy.com/intro" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Riyarchy</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Arborescent chart</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Logical tree</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Numerous sub-levels for arguments and objections</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aesthetically pleasing interface</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments are not family-grouped</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments lack detail/depth</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments are without proponents</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No sources/references</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No introductory paragraph to a debate</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sense of "irrefutable" argument</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.arguman.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argüman</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en, es, fr, tr</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Arborescent chart</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Logical tree</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Numerous sub-levels for arguments and objections</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aesthetically pleasing interface</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments lack detail/depth</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments are without proponents</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No introductory paragraph to a debate</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No complimentary informative ressources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.procon.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Procon</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Table</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"For"/"Against" argument table</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Numerous informative ressources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Numerous quotes and citations</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Identity cards for proponents within a debate</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Debates are grouped by topic</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Arguments lack in depth/detail</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No objections to arguments</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Quotes and citations list is unorganized</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Overloaded interface</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Content is not free of rights</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.argumentrix.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argumentrix</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">en</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Lists</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Pro" and "Con" sections for each argument</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Proponents of an argument</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Copyright-free content</li></ul></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Argument-oriented more than debate-oriented encyclopaedia</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No entry guidelines for debates</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No quotes or citations</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 21.7px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.17em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_problems">Main problems</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As detailed in the previous chart, existing encyclopaedias do have shortcomings, some of which can be explored here.</p><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_that_are_not_grouped">Arguments that are not grouped</span></h3><div>One of the main things lacking in some of these encyclopaedias is that arguments are listed one after the other, without it being possible to group them by “family” when their content is similar. We end up with lists of ten to twenty (or more) arguments all presented at the same level. Grouping by family allows for more clarity and readability.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 815px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 19.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Argumentrix.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Argumentrix : des arguments les uns à la suite des autres" data-file-height="965" data-file-width="1044" decoding="async" height="111" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/120px-Argumentrix.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/180px-Argumentrix.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/240px-Argumentrix.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Argumentrix : arguments simply follow one another.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatewise-arguments-list.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatewise : une liste de « pour » et de « contre »" data-file-height="1021" data-file-width="758" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/3/35/Debatewise-arguments-list.png/89px-Debatewise-arguments-list.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/3/35/Debatewise-arguments-list.png/134px-Debatewise-arguments-list.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/3/35/Debatewise-arguments-list.png/178px-Debatewise-arguments-list.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="89" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatewise : a list of "PRO" and "CON" arguments.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 35.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatepedia.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatepedia : une liste séparée en deux colonnes" data-file-height="1045" data-file-width="1584" decoding="async" height="79" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/120px-Debatepedia.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/180px-Debatepedia.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/240px-Debatepedia.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatepedia : a list divided into two separate columns.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-arguments.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Procon : une liste séparée en deux colonnes" data-file-height="1059" data-file-width="806" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/d/d2/Procon-arguments.png/91px-Procon-arguments.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/d/d2/Procon-arguments.png/137px-Procon-arguments.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/d/d2/Procon-arguments.png/183px-Procon-arguments.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="91" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Procon : a list, divided into two columns.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 33.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Riyarchy.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Riyarchy : 4 pages d'arguments listés" data-file-height="860" data-file-width="1238" decoding="async" height="83" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/120px-Riyarchy.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/180px-Riyarchy.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/240px-Riyarchy.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Riyarchy : 4 pages of listed arguments.</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Single-level_arguments">Single-level arguments</span></h3><div>Very similarly, because arguments require being confirmed or completed by others, it is smarter to present then in arguments and sub-arguments (and even sub-sub arguments), each corresponding to different levels of the argumentative structure. Which is impossible for a majority of encyclopaedias which only present two things: the pro and con arguments, and for each their objections.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 652px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatewise.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatewise : pas d'objections possibles aux objections" data-file-height="1046" data-file-width="772" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/c/c9/Debatewise.png/88px-Debatewise.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/c/c9/Debatewise.png/133px-Debatewise.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/c/c9/Debatewise.png/177px-Debatewise.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="88" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatewise : no possible refutations to listed objections.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Idebate-arguments2.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Idebate : pour chaque argument, ses objections, et c'est tout" data-file-height="1070" data-file-width="844" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/2/2d/Idebate-arguments2.png/95px-Idebate-arguments2.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/2/2d/Idebate-arguments2.png/142px-Idebate-arguments2.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/2/2d/Idebate-arguments2.png/189px-Idebate-arguments2.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="95" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Idebate : for each argument, its corresponding refutations, that is all.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 17.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Riyarchy-tree-structure.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Riyarchy et son arbre aux multiples sous-branches" data-file-height="1037" data-file-width="1086" decoding="async" height="115" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/3/31/Riyarchy-tree-structure.png/120px-Riyarchy-tree-structure.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/3/31/Riyarchy-tree-structure.png/180px-Riyarchy-tree-structure.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/3/31/Riyarchy-tree-structure.png/240px-Riyarchy-tree-structure.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Two ecxeptions : Riyarchy</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 34.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Kialo-tree-structure.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Kialo et son arbre aux multiples sous-branches" data-file-height="828" data-file-width="1226" decoding="async" height="81" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/7/7b/Kialo-tree-structure.png/120px-Kialo-tree-structure.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/7/7b/Kialo-tree-structure.png/180px-Kialo-tree-structure.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/7/7b/Kialo-tree-structure.png/240px-Kialo-tree-structure.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Kialo and its multiple branch tree model.</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_without_objections">Arguments without objections</span></h3><div>Some encyclopaedias don’t even show objections to an argument. An argument can always be countered or criticised. The lack of such a feature make such encyclopedias much less interesting.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 326px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 35.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatepedia.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatepedia : des arguments sans objections" data-file-height="1045" data-file-width="1584" decoding="async" height="79" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/120px-Debatepedia.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/180px-Debatepedia.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/240px-Debatepedia.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatepedia</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Procon : des arguments sans objections" data-file-height="1071" data-file-width="1020" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/114px-Procon.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/171px-Procon.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/229px-Procon.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="114" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Procon</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_that_lack_in_depth_or_in_detail">Arguments that lack in depth or in detail</span></h3><div>Likewise an argument’s description can’t always be stated in a couple of lines. Those based on examples or facts may, to be presented, require a long introduction or an ensemble of numbers or figures, without which the argument may be too broad, simple or unconvincing.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 815px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 35.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatepedia.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatepedia : one paragraph." data-file-height="1045" data-file-width="1584" decoding="async" height="79" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/120px-Debatepedia.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/180px-Debatepedia.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/3/37/Debatepedia.png/240px-Debatepedia.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatepedia : one paragraph.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Hyperdebat-arguments.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Hyperdébat : one or two sentences." data-file-height="649" data-file-width="616" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/4/4d/Hyperdebat-arguments.png/114px-Hyperdebat-arguments.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/4/4d/Hyperdebat-arguments.png/171px-Hyperdebat-arguments.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/4/4d/Hyperdebat-arguments.png/228px-Hyperdebat-arguments.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="114" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Hyperdébat : one or two sentences.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Idebate-arguments.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Idebate : one paragraph." data-file-height="1075" data-file-width="813" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/4/47/Idebate-arguments.png/91px-Idebate-arguments.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/4/47/Idebate-arguments.png/136px-Idebate-arguments.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/4/47/Idebate-arguments.png/181px-Idebate-arguments.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="91" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Idebate : one paragraph.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-arguments.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Procon : one paragraph." data-file-height="1059" data-file-width="806" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/d/d2/Procon-arguments.png/91px-Procon-arguments.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/d/d2/Procon-arguments.png/137px-Procon-arguments.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/d/d2/Procon-arguments.png/183px-Procon-arguments.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="91" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Procon : one paragraph.</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 33.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Riyarchy.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Riyarchy : one or two paragraphs." data-file-height="860" data-file-width="1238" decoding="async" height="83" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/120px-Riyarchy.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/180px-Riyarchy.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/f/f2/Riyarchy.png/240px-Riyarchy.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Riyarchy : one or two paragraphs.</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_without_quotations">Arguments without quotations</span></h3><div>To better understand an argument, or to better understand a point of view defending it, it is helpful to add quotations of references and figures of reference. Most encyclopedias do not allow this.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 163px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerycaption" style="display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;">An example of an exception.</li><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Les citations sur Procon" data-file-height="1071" data-file-width="1020" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/114px-Procon.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/171px-Procon.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/e/ed/Procon.png/229px-Procon.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="114" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Procon</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_with_no_advocates">Arguments with no advocates</span></h3><div>Knowing the names of the main proponents of a point of view, even having a short description of them, can help to better understand the arguments, and the debate. This is only the case in few encyclopaedias, and only one offers short biographies of referred proponents.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 326px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerycaption" style="display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;">Some exceptions.</li><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 48px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatepedia-protagonists.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Pro and con proponents on Debatepedia" data-file-height="709" data-file-width="1577" decoding="async" height="54" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/8/83/Debatepedia-protagonists.png/120px-Debatepedia-protagonists.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/8/83/Debatepedia-protagonists.png/180px-Debatepedia-protagonists.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/8/83/Debatepedia-protagonists.png/240px-Debatepedia-protagonists.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Pro and con proponents on Debatepedia</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-ID.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="An identity summary on Procon" data-file-height="1052" data-file-width="1018" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/9/98/Procon-ID.png/116px-Procon-ID.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/9/98/Procon-ID.png/174px-Procon-ID.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/9/98/Procon-ID.png/232px-Procon-ID.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="116" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An identity summary on Procon</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_with_no_titles">Arguments with no titles</span></h3><div>Giving an argument a title means summarising it in a few words, allowing to grasp an immediate idea even after a quick overview. Some sites do not offer this possibility.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 326px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debatewise.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Debatewise" data-file-height="1046" data-file-width="772" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/c/c9/Debatewise.png/88px-Debatewise.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/c/c9/Debatewise.png/133px-Debatewise.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/c/c9/Debatewise.png/177px-Debatewise.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="88" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatewise</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 19.5px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Argumentrix.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Argumentrix" data-file-height="965" data-file-width="1044" decoding="async" height="111" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/120px-Argumentrix.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/180px-Argumentrix.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/a/aa/Argumentrix.png/240px-Argumentrix.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Argumentrix</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Debates_which_are_not_interlinked">Debates which are not interlinked</span></h3><div>A debate is always an ensemble of debates, because each argument builds on a set of considerations which themselves can be the object of a debate. One must usually dig-in to the sub-debates to form an opinion, and often switch from one debate to another. Hypertext architecture is useful to present briefly the complexity of the interweaving of debates. Only two sites make use of it.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 163px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerycaption" style="display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;">One notable exception</li><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Debategraph-links.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Un réseau de débats sur Debategraph" data-file-height="862" data-file-width="796" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/4/4f/Debategraph-links.png/111px-Debategraph-links.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/4/4f/Debategraph-links.png/166px-Debategraph-links.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/4/4f/Debategraph-links.png/222px-Debategraph-links.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="111" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debategraph</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Debates_with_little_or_no_further_information">Debates with little or no further information</span></h3><div>Internet allows to interlink a vast amount of knowledge. Most encyclopedias offer links to further information. But these are often poor or lacking in quantity.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; max-width: 652px; padding: 0px;"><li class="gallerycaption" style="display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;">Les bonnes idées de Procon</li><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-glossary.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Procon's glossary" data-file-height="1047" data-file-width="1017" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/1/14/Procon-glossary.png/117px-Procon-glossary.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/1/14/Procon-glossary.png/175px-Procon-glossary.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/1/14/Procon-glossary.png/233px-Procon-glossary.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="117" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A glossary</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-actors-list.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A list of a debate's proponents on Procon" data-file-height="1044" data-file-width="1005" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/a/a3/Procon-actors-list.png/115px-Procon-actors-list.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/a/a3/Procon-actors-list.png/173px-Procon-actors-list.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/a/a3/Procon-actors-list.png/231px-Procon-actors-list.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A list of a debate's proponents</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-historical-background.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Procon's history timeline" data-file-height="1028" data-file-width="1025" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Procon-historical-background.png/120px-Procon-historical-background.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Procon-historical-background.png/179px-Procon-historical-background.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/7/71/Procon-historical-background.png/239px-Procon-historical-background.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A historic timeline</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/File:Procon-did-you-know.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt=""Did you know?" page on Procon" data-file-height="1032" data-file-width="1015" decoding="async" height="120" loading="lazy" src="https://en.wikidebates.org/w/images/en/thumb/8/84/Procon-did-you-know.png/118px-Procon-did-you-know.png" srcset="/w/images/en/thumb/8/84/Procon-did-you-know.png/177px-Procon-did-you-know.png 1.5x, /w/images/en/thumb/8/84/Procon-did-you-know.png/236px-Procon-did-you-know.png 2x" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="118" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A "Did you know?" page</p></div></div></li></ul></div><h3 style="color: inherit; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 1.3em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Copyrighted_content_and_technology">Copyrighted content and technology</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Even though they are user-provided, a lot of contents and arguments become propriety of these websites and are thus not fully exploitable. Safe for Wikidebates, Debatepedia, Argumentrix and HyperDébat, of which the content is available through a <a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Copyrights" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikidebates:Copyrights">Creative Commons</a> licensing, all the work provided by the users on these websites is limited in its sharing and usage.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 21.7px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.17em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overall_Review">Overall Review</span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Family-grouped arguments</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Titled arguments</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Objections to arguments</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Sub-levels to arguments</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Detailed arguments</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Quotes and citations</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Ability to defend an argument</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Interlinking between different arguments</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Additional information and resources</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Copyright-free content</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikidebates.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidébats</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kialo.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Kialo</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://hyperdebat.net/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; 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padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://debategraph.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">DebateGraph</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.proversi.it/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proversi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia!" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debatepedia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); 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color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidebate</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://idebate.org/debatabase" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; 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padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.riyarchy.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Riyarchy</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.arguman.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argüman</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.procon.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Procon</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.argumentrix.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argumentrix</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">x</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 21.7px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.17em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Learn_more_about_these_websites">Learn more about these websites</span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Name</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Self-description</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Year of launch</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Current status</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikidebates.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidébats</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">« L'encyclopédie des débats »</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2016</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kialo.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Kialo</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"A debate platform powered by reason"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://hyperdebat.net/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Hyperdébat</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">« Débattre avec méthode »</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Available for reading only since January 2017</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://debategraph.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">DebateGraph</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"An award-winning web-platform for visualizing and sharing networks of thought"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2008</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.proversi.it/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Proversi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">« Une plateforme web de débat public »<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Comparison_of_Existing_Debate_Encyclopedias#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia!" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debatepedia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"The Wikipedia of debates - an encyclopedia of pro and con arguments and quotes on critical issues"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Available for reading only since November 2011</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikidebate" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Wikidebate</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"A collaborative project to develop structured debates and compute their conclusions using the dialectic algorithm"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2016</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://idebate.org/debatabase" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Idebate</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"Debatabase"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://debatewise.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Debatewise</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">No longer updated</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.riyarchy.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Riyarchy</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"A collaborative argument tree to which anyone can contribute"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Closed in 2016</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.arguman.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argüman</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">« Une plateforme d’argumentation »</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.procon.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Procon</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"Pros & Cons of Controversial Issues"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2004</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Active</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.argumentrix.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Argumentrix</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"A wiki of claims and rebuttals"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Not updated since 2013</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); 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color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikidebates:What Wikidebates is">What Wikidebates is</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:What_Wikidebates_is_not" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikidebates:What Wikidebates is not">What Wikidebates is not</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Aims" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikidebates:Aims">Aims</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Why" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikidebates:Why">Why</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Founding_Principles" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikidebates:Founding Principles">Founding Principles</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Laboratory_of_Methodical_Debate" style="background: none; 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background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Aims</a></li><li id="n-Founding-Principles" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Founding_Principles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Founding Principles</a></li><li id="n-Democracy's-Missing-Link" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Democracy%27s_Missing_Link" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; 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background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Comparison with Other Platforms</a></li><li id="n-Educational-Use" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Educational_Use_and_Purposes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Educational Use</a></li><li id="n-Laboratory-of-Methodical-Debate" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikidebates.org/wiki/Wikidebates:Laboratory_of_Methodical_Debate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Laboratory of Methodical Debate</a></li></ul></div></nav><nav aria-labelledby="p-Texts-label" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" id="p-Texts" role="navigation" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0px 0.6em 0px 0.7em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><h3 id="p-Texts-label" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(200, 204, 209, 0) 0px, rgb(200, 204, 209) 33%, rgb(200, 204, 209) 66%, rgba(200, 204, 209, 0) 100%); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100% 1px; border: 0px; color: #54595d; cursor: default; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 0.666667em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.25em 0px;">Texts</h3><div class="body vector-menu-content" style="margin-left: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px;"><ul class="vector-menu-content-list" style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; 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overflow: hidden; padding: 0.25em 0px;">In other languages</h3><div class="body vector-menu-content" style="margin-left: 0.5em; padding-top: 0px;"><ul class="vector-menu-content-list" style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0px;"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><a class="interlanguage-link-target" href="https://fr.wikidebates.org/wiki/Project:Comparatif_des_encyclop%C3%A9dies_de_d%C3%A9bats_existantes" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Project:Comparatif des encyclopédies de débats existantes – français">Français</a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div><footer class="mw-footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo" style="direction: ltr; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 11em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 1.25em;"><ul id="footer-info" style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li id="footer-info-lastmod" style="color: #202122; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px;">This page was last edited on 2 November 2022, at 19:56.</li></ul></footer>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-541188401205580206.post-9313381731743476462023-01-28T04:03:00.002-08:002023-01-28T04:27:36.168-08:00Wikinews interviews Brooks Lindsay, founder of Debatepedia<p> The basic ideas of Precision Universal Debate were developed independantly of Debatepedia whose objective is the same as the former. However PUD goes beyond the limits of the latter towards a more "scientific" understanding of how knowledge is presented. RS</p><p><br /></p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following comes from the P2P Foundation </p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Debatepedia is the new "wiki" encyclopedia of arguments and debates.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br />URL = <a class="external free" href="http://debatepedia.org/" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #3366bb; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">http://debatepedia.org/</a></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=brooks+lindsay+debatepedia&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1042&biw=1920&bih=969&sxsrf=AJOqlzVKG2QISeRyhQIXNRsAJIPeMx1VmQ%3A1674905927379&ei=RwnVY-LuFoKA8gLQsbeoAg&ved=0ahUKEwiirtXmlur8AhUCgFwKHdDYDSUQ4dUDCA8&oq=brooks+lindsay+debatepedia&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQDDIKCCEQoAEQwwQQCjoICAAQogQQsAM6BAghEApKBAhBGAFKBAhGGABQqAdY6Btg5zpoAnAAeACAAdwHiAH0HJIBCTAuMS41LTMuMpgBAKABAcgBAcABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp">Google listings in connection with the above subject</a><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=debatepedia&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1042&sxsrf=AJOqlzVa3JR1gFzmHmhvWZZojLJ4XSh9-Q:1674908596655&ei=tBPVY87RJ6GChbIPxoijsA4&start=90&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjO-7zfoOr8AhUhQUEAHUbECOY4ChDy0wN6BAgFEBU&biw=1920&bih=969&dpr=1">More Google listings/Debatepedia</a></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h1 style="background: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h1><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"It allows users to objectively frame public debates as they exist (not how they would like them to exist) in the public sphere between the relevant players. It enables the public to present the pro and con arguments that have been by scholars, experts, leaders, etc. It also empowers editors to present the overall positions of politicians, think-tanks, interest and activist groups, foreign leaders, etc. It does not allow users to present their own arguments. Debatepedia helps resolve an outstanding question: how can "wiki" technology be successfully applied to politics (divisive by nature), when "wikis" are a medium of consensus. The important insight and bridge is that a public debate and its public arguments can be treated as documentable facts, and that the public can arrive at a consensus in the framing of these facts. It is also important to note that Debatepedia enables the public to present all of the information necessary for an individual to develop a rational position." (Founder Brooks Lindsay)</p></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Special:Categories" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Facilitation" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Facilitation">Facilitation</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Resources" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Resources">Resources</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Education" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Education">Education</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Governance" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Governance">Governance</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Policy" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Policy">Policy</a></li></ul></div></div><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/brooks.lindsay/">FB site</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;"><br /></h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div id="contentSub2" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_Brooks_Lindsay,_founder_of_Debatepedia#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to navigation</a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_Brooks_Lindsay,_founder_of_Debatepedia#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to search</a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><strong class="published"><span class="value-title" id="publishDate" title="2008-04-08"></span>Tuesday, April 8, 2008</strong></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 13.16px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/File:Brooks_Lindsay.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" decoding="async" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brooks_Lindsay.jpg/200px-Brooks_Lindsay.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brooks_Lindsay.jpg/300px-Brooks_Lindsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brooks_Lindsay.jpg/400px-Brooks_Lindsay.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 11.844px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0.5em !important; padding: 0.5em 0px 3px; text-align: left;">Brooks Lindsay, founder of <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debatepedia" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Debatepedia">Debatepedia</a><br /><small>Image:Brooks Lindsay from Debatepedia</small></div></div></div><div class="infobox noprint desktop-only" style="background: rgb(237, 247, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: x-small; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 5px; padding: 0px; width: 200px;"><div style="background: rgb(126, 201, 253); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; padding: 2px; text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a></b></div><div style="background: rgb(188, 225, 255); padding: 2px; text-align: center;">Related stories</div><div style="padding: 2px;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Albania_blames_Iran_for_cyberattacks" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albania blames Iran for cyberattacks">Albania blames Iran for cyberattacks</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Ransomware_attack_hits_over_200_US_companies,_forces_Swedish_grocery_chain_to_close" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ransomware attack hits over 200 US companies, forces Swedish grocery chain to close">Ransomware attack hits over 200 US companies, forces Swedish grocery chain to close</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/%22Avast_ye_scurvy_file_sharers!%22:_Interview_with_Swedish_Pirate_Party_leader_Rickard_Falkvinge" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""Avast ye scurvy file sharers!": Interview with Swedish Pirate Party leader Rickard Falkvinge">"Avast ye scurvy file sharers!": Interview with Swedish Pirate Party leader Rickard Falkvinge</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice_says_Facebook_must_remove_%27illegal%27_posts_globally" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Court of Justice says Facebook must remove 'illegal' posts globally">European Court of Justice says Facebook must remove 'illegal' posts globally</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Millions_don%27t_turn_up_to_%27storm%27_US_airbase_for_extraterrestrial_evidence" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Millions don't turn up to 'storm' US airbase for extraterrestrial evidence">Millions don't turn up to 'storm' US airbase for extraterrestrial evidence</a></li></ul></div><div class="center" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graphical map of the Internet"><img alt="Graphical map of the Internet" data-file-height="1280" data-file-width="1280" decoding="async" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/200px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/300px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/400px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></div><div class="center" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;">More information at <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>:</div><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Internet">Internet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background: none; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A reporter from <i>Wikinews</i> recently interviewed Brooks Lindsay, who is the founder of the online wiki <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debatepedia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Debatepedia">Debatepedia</a>, which claims to be the '<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> of Debates.'</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Brooks told <i>Wikinews</i> that "Debatepedia is a non-profit, free wiki encyclopedia of debates, pro and con arguments, and supporting evidence and quotes from scholars, experts, and op-ed writers (those figures that are actively engaged in these public debates)." He continued with "some people have called it the 'Wikipedia of debate', which is a pretty accurate description of what we are trying to do."</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">He finished by stating that the site is "trying to cover all of the pro and con arguments in any public debate, on any topic from a global to a local level, from any region in the world, and hopefully, in the future, in any language. The objective is to frame debates in a pro/con structure - when they appropriately belong in a pro/con structure - so that people can effectively "weigh" the "sides" in a debate, deliberate, draw conclusions, and take a stand. "</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The second question asked why he founded Debatepedia. He replied by saying that "With arguments, evidence, and quotes being scattered across the Internet, it is currently too difficult for citizens to view all the pros and cons, quotes, and supporting evidence in debates, deliberate and take a stand. We are trying to fill this void, on a global scale, and by open-sourcing the effort over <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; text-decoration-line: none;" title="w:MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software."</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">When asked how Debatepedia will develop in the future Brooks said that he expects "the community of editors to grow to a much greater extent." He also said that he hoped to be able to "clean up some of the software elements," of the site.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">When questioned about the importance of Debatepedia, Mr. Lindsay said that "Debatepedia is important for the reader and citizen as a tool to deliberate more effectively, develop greater conviction in what is righteous and what is not, and to generally increase citizen-engagement in debates, issues, and advocacy, across the world. For the writer, it is a way to have a greater voice and impact on other people, and other people's thinking; it's a great public service to help edit on Debatepedia, like on Wikipedia. Finally, there is the potential that Debatepedia will be used by leaders and representatives as a way to deliberate through a topic that they have to vote on, or as a destination to direct constituents to deliberate." He said it was "perhaps a lofty goal, but real nevertheless."</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br style="clear: none;" /></p><div align="center"><div class="noprint messagebox boilerplate plainlinks" id="commentrequest" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 2px; width: 839px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Have an opinion on this story? <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Comments:Wikinews_interviews_Brooks_Lindsay,_founder_of_Debatepedia" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comments:Wikinews interviews Brooks Lindsay, founder of Debatepedia">Share it!</a></p></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h2><table border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" class="noprint toccolours box OR Interview" rules="none" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: left; float: left; font-size: 13.3px; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-right: 1.5em; padding: 5px; width: 350px;"><tbody><tr><td><div class="floatnone"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/File:Exclusive.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews" data-file-height="200" data-file-width="265" decoding="async" height="75" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Exclusive.png/100px-Exclusive.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Exclusive.png/150px-Exclusive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Exclusive.png/200px-Exclusive.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div></td><td>This <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Interview_highlights" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikinews:Interview highlights">exclusive interview</a> features <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Original_reporting" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikinews:Original reporting">first-hand journalism</a> by a <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Wikinewsies" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikinews:Wikinewsies">Wikinews reporter</a>. See the <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Talk:Wikinews_interviews_Brooks_Lindsay,_founder_of_Debatepedia" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talk:Wikinews interviews Brooks Lindsay, founder of Debatepedia">collaboration page</a></b> for more details.</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /><br /><br /></p></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0